Empath: Understanding Topic Signals in Large-Scale Text
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Abstract (arXiv)
Human language is colored by a broad range of topics, but existing text analysis tools only focus on a small number of them. We present Empath, a tool that can generate and validate new lexical categories on demand from a small set of seed terms (like "bleed" and "punch" to generate the category violence). Empath draws connotations between words and phrases by deep learning a neural embedding across more than 1.8 billion words of modern fiction. Given a small set of seed words that characterize a category, Empath uses its neural embedding to discover new related terms, then validates the category with a crowd-powered filter. Empath also analyzes text across 200 built-in, pre-validated categories we have generated from common topics in our web dataset, like neglect, government, and social media. We show that Empath's data-driven, human validated categories are highly correlated (r=0.906) with similar categories in LIWC.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 9; 2023: 10; 2024: 8; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
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- 2025Exposure to Content Written by Large Language Models Can Reduce Stigma Around Opioid Use Disorder in Online Communities8 Apr 2025
- 2025Behavioural Analytics: Mathematics of the Mind7 Jan 2025
- 2024The American Sign Language Knowledge Graph: Infusing ASL Models with Linguistic Knowledge6 Nov 2024
- 2024Lived Experience Not Found: LLMs Struggle to Align with Experts on Addressing Adverse Drug Reactions from Psychiatric Medication Use24 Oct 2024
- 2024Isolated Causal Effects of Natural Language18 Oct 2024
- 2024Still Not Quite There! Evaluating Large Language Models for Comorbid Mental Health Diagnosis4 Oct 2024
- 2024Inclusivity in Large Language Models: Personality Traits and Gender Bias in Scientific Abstracts27 Jun 2024
- 2024The GPT-WritingPrompts Dataset: A Comparative Analysis of Character Portrayal in Short Stories24 Jun 2024
- 2024From Perils to Possibilities: Understanding how Human (and AI) Biases affect Online Fora21 Mar 2024
- 2024Optimizing Language Models for Human Preferences is a Causal Inference Problem22 Feb 2024
- 2023Emotion Detection for Misinformation: A Review1 Nov 2023
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- 2022Attribution and Obfuscation of Neural Text Authorship: A Data Mining Perspective19 Oct 2022
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- 2022Model Positionality and Computational Reflexivity: Promoting Reflexivity in Data Science8 Mar 2022
- 2022Mental Disorders on Online Social Media Through the Lens of Language and Behaviour: Analysis and Visualisation7 Feb 2022
- 2022Heterogeneous Peer Effects in the Linear Threshold Model27 Jan 2022
- 2022Twitter-Demographer: A Flow-based Tool to Enrich Twitter Data26 Jan 2022
- 2022The Role of Facial Expressions and Emotion in ASL19 Jan 2022
- 2021Empirical Analysis of Korean Public AI Hub Parallel Corpora and in-depth Analysis using LIWC28 Oct 2021
- 2021Uncovering Implicit Gender Bias in Narratives through Commonsense Inference14 Sep 2021
- 2021To Protect and To Serve? Analyzing Entity-Centric Framing of Police Violence11 Sep 2021
- 2021Understanding the Role of Affect Dimensions in Detecting Emotions from Tweets: A Multi-task Approach9 May 2021
- 2021Explaining Outcomes of Multi-Party Dialogues using Causal Learning3 May 2021
- 2021Mining Trends of COVID-19 Vaccine Beliefs on Twitter with Lexical Embeddings2 Apr 2021
- 2021Lawyers are Dishonest? Quantifying Representational Harms in Commonsense Knowledge Resources21 Mar 2021
- 2021PVG at WASSA 2021: A Multi-Input, Multi-Task, Transformer-Based Architecture for Empathy and Distress Prediction4 Mar 2021
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- 2022Attribution and Obfuscation of Neural Text Authorship: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 41
- 2021Uncovering Implicit Gender Bias in Narratives through Commonsense Inferencecited by 32
- 2021Lawyers are Dishonest? Quantifying Representational Harms in Commonsense Knowledge Resourcescited by 30
- 2023Emotion Detection for Misinformation: A Reviewcited by 22
- 2023BanglaAbuseMeme: A Dataset for Bengali Abusive Meme Classificationcited by 18
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- 2021"Short is the Road that Leads from Fear to Hate": Fear Speech in Indian WhatsApp Groupscited by 13
- 2022Model Positionality and Computational Reflexivity: Promoting Reflexivity in Data Sciencecited by 13
- 2021To Protect and To Serve? Analyzing Entity-Centric Framing of Police Violencecited by 12
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- 2023FedTherapist: Mental Health Monitoring with User-Generated Linguistic Expressions on Smartphones via Federated Learningcited by 10
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- 2026Mecha-nudges for Machines24 Mar 2026
- 2026Semantic Delta: An Interpretable Signal Differentiating Human and LLMs Dialogue20 Mar 2026
- 2026Omitted Variable Bias in Language Models Under Distribution Shift18 Feb 2026
- 2025Computational Turing Test Reveals Systematic Differences Between Human and AI Language6 Nov 2025
- 2025A Multimodal Framework for Depression Detection during Covid-19 via Harvesting Social Media: A Novel Dataset and Method1 Nov 2025
- 2025GRACE: Graph Neural Networks for Locus-of-Care Prediction under Extreme Class Imbalance23 Oct 2025
- 2025SEER: The Span-based Emotion Evidence Retrieval Benchmark3 Oct 2025
- 2025Navigating the Synchrony-Stability Frontier in Adaptive Chatbots30 Sep 2025
- 2025Signs of Struggle: Spotting Cognitive Distortions across Language and Register28 Aug 2025
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