mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Empath: Understanding Topic Signals in Large-Scale Text

arXiv 1602.06979 ↗First posted 22 Feb 2016cs.CL cs.AIcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

Human language is colored by a broad range of topics, but existing text analysis tools only focus on a small number of them. We present Empath, a tool that can generate and validate new lexical categories on demand from a small set of seed terms (like "bleed" and "punch" to generate the category violence). Empath draws connotations between words and phrases by deep learning a neural embedding across more than 1.8 billion words of modern fiction. Given a small set of seed words that characterize a category, Empath uses its neural embedding to discover new related terms, then validates the category with a crowd-powered filter. Empath also analyzes text across 200 built-in, pre-validated categories we have generated from common topics in our web dataset, like neglect, government, and social media. We show that Empath's data-driven, human validated categories are highly correlated (r=0.906) with similar categories in LIWC.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 22 Feb 2016.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 9; 2023: 10; 2024: 8; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.

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  2. 2022Attribution and Obfuscation of Neural Text Authorship: A Data Mining Perspectivecited by 41
  3. 2021Uncovering Implicit Gender Bias in Narratives through Commonsense Inferencecited by 32
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  11. 2024Still Not Quite There! Evaluating Large Language Models for Comorbid Mental Health Diagnosiscited by 12
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  6. 2021Understanding the Role of Affect Dimensions in Detecting Emotions from Tweets: A Multi-task Approachcited by 4
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  8. 2023Detecting Pump&Dump Stock Market Manipulation from Online Forumscited by 3
  9. 2025Revealing Temporal Label Noise in Multimodal Hateful Video Classificationcited by 3
  10. 2022United States Politicians' Tone Became More Negative with 2016 Primary Campaignscited by 2
  11. 2023SenteCon: Leveraging Lexicons to Learn Human-Interpretable Language Representationscited by 2
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  15. 2025Geometry of Semantics in Next-Token Prediction: How Optimization Implicitly Organizes Linguistic Representationscited by 2
  16. 2022Twitter-Demographer: A Flow-based Tool to Enrich Twitter Datacited by 1
  17. 2022Mental Disorders on Online Social Media Through the Lens of Language and Behaviour: Analysis and Visualisationcited by 1
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  22. 2024The American Sign Language Knowledge Graph: Infusing ASL Models with Linguistic Knowledgecited by 1
  23. 2025A Multimodal Framework for Depression Detection during Covid-19 via Harvesting Social Media: A Novel Dataset and Methodcited by 1
  24. 2026Omitted Variable Bias in Language Models Under Distribution Shiftcited by 1
  25. 2021Mining Trends of COVID-19 Vaccine Beliefs on Twitter with Lexical Embeddingscited by 0
  26. 2021Empirical Analysis of Korean Public AI Hub Parallel Corpora and in-depth Analysis using LIWCcited by 0
  27. 2022The Role of Facial Expressions and Emotion in ASLcited by 0
  28. 2022LEXpander: applying colexification networks to automated lexicon expansioncited by 0
  29. 2023Curatr: A Platform for Semantic Analysis and Curation of Historical Literary Textscited by 0
  30. 2025Behavioural Analytics: Mathematics of the Mindcited by 0
  31. 2025Exposure to Content Written by Large Language Models Can Reduce Stigma Around Opioid Use Disorder in Online Communitiescited by 0
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  33. 2025Navigating the Synchrony-Stability Frontier in Adaptive Chatbotscited by 0
  34. 2025SEER: The Span-based Emotion Evidence Retrieval Benchmarkcited by 0
  35. 2025GRACE: Graph Neural Networks for Locus-of-Care Prediction under Extreme Class Imbalancecited by 0
  36. 2026Semantic Delta: An Interpretable Signal Differentiating Human and LLMs Dialoguecited by 0
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  38. 2026LEX-EC: A Lexical Evidence-Channel Audit Framework for Zero-Shot LLM Personality Classification in Black-Box Settingscited by 0

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