"Im not Racist but...": Discovering Bias in the Internal Knowledge of Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention for their remarkable performance in a continuously expanding set of natural language processing tasks. However, these models have been shown to harbor inherent societal biases, or stereotypes, which can adversely affect their performance in their many downstream applications. In this paper, we introduce a novel, purely prompt-based approach to uncover hidden stereotypes within any arbitrary LLM. Our approach dynamically generates a knowledge representation of internal stereotypes, enabling the identification of biases encoded within the LLM's internal knowledge. By illuminating the biases present in LLMs and offering a systematic methodology for their analysis, our work contributes to advancing transparency and promoting fairness in natural language processing systems.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2023.
Builds on
16 of 23 references.
References · 16
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
- 2019A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learningcited by 1,911
- 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 911
- 2022BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedurecited by 779
- 2020CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language Modelscited by 703
- 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 540
- 2021BOLD: Dataset and Metrics for Measuring Biases in Open-Ended Language Generationcited by 410
- 2021Self-Diagnosis and Self-Debiasing: A Proposal for Reducing Corpus-Based Bias in NLPcited by 336
- 2019KagNet: Knowledge-Aware Graph Networks for Commonsense Reasoningcited by 216
- 2021Bias Out-of-the-Box: An Empirical Analysis of Intersectional Occupational Biases in Popular Generative Language Modelscited by 141
- 2023Crawling the Internal Knowledge-Base of Language Modelscited by 85
4 more
- 2020"You are grounded!": Latent Name Artifacts in Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 39
- 2022Quantifying Social Biases Using Templates is Unreliablecited by 38
- 2020R3: Reverse, Retrieve, and Rank for Sarcasm Generation with Commonsense Knowledgecited by 32
- 2021Lawyers are Dishonest? Quantifying Representational Harms in Commonsense Knowledge Resourcescited by 30
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 2.
5 papers.
- 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 77
- 2024Search Engines Post-ChatGPT: How Generative Artificial Intelligence Could Make Search Less Reliablecited by 6
- 2024LIDAO: Towards Limited Interventions for Debiasing (Large) Language Modelscited by 3
- 2025BiasCause: Evaluate Socially Biased Causal Reasoning of Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Investigating Hallucination in Conversations for Low Resource Languagescited by 2
- 2025Investigating Hallucination in Conversations for Low Resource Languages30 Jul 2025
- 2025BiasCause: Evaluate Socially Biased Causal Reasoning of Large Language Models8 Apr 2025
- 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigation16 Nov 2024
- 2024LIDAO: Towards Limited Interventions for Debiasing (Large) Language Models1 Jun 2024
- 2024Search Engines Post-ChatGPT: How Generative Artificial Intelligence Could Make Search Less Reliable18 Feb 2024