Generate Your Counterfactuals: Towards Controlled Counterfactual Generation for Text
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine Learning has seen tremendous growth recently, which has led to larger adoption of ML systems for educational assessments, credit risk, healthcare, employment, criminal justice, to name a few. The trustworthiness of ML and NLP systems is a crucial aspect and requires a guarantee that the decisions they make are fair and robust. Aligned with this, we propose a framework GYC, to generate a set of counterfactual text samples, which are crucial for testing these ML systems. Our main contributions include a) We introduce GYC, a framework to generate counterfactual samples such that the generation is plausible, diverse, goal-oriented, and effective, b) We generate counterfactual samples, that can direct the generation towards a corresponding condition such as named-entity tag, semantic role label, or sentiment. Our experimental results on various domains show that GYC generates counterfactual text samples exhibiting the above four properties. GYC generates counterfactuals that can act as test cases to evaluate a model and any text debiasing algorithm.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 16; 2023: 16; 2024: 17; 2025: 10; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing via Large Pre-Trained Language Models: A Surveycited by 463
- 2021Polyjuice: Generating Counterfactuals for Explaining, Evaluating, and Improving Modelscited by 222
- 2021Benchmarking and Survey of Explanation Methods for Black Box Modelscited by 136
- 2023A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Large Language Models through the Lens of Verification and Validationcited by 93
- 2021If Only We Had Better Counterfactual Explanations: Five Key Deficits to Rectify in the Evaluation of Counterfactual XAI Techniquescited by 82
- 2021Tailor: Generating and Perturbing Text with Semantic Controlscited by 68
- 2024Towards Understanding the Working Mechanism of Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelcited by 48
- 2022A Causal Lens for Controllable Text Generationcited by 45
- 2023Towards LLM-guided Causal Explainability for Black-box Text Classifierscited by 44
- 2022DISCO: Distilling Counterfactuals with Large Language Modelscited by 30
- 2022Counterfactual harmcited by 29
- 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Models of Codecited by 25
38 more
- 2023People Make Better Edits: Measuring the Efficacy of LLM-Generated Counterfactually Augmented Data for Harmful Language Detectioncited by 25
- 2022CORE: A Retrieve-then-Edit Framework for Counterfactual Data Generationcited by 24
- 2023CREST: A Joint Framework for Rationalization and Counterfactual Text Generationcited by 24
- 2022NeuroCounterfactuals: Beyond Minimal-Edit Counterfactuals for Richer Data Augmentationcited by 23
- 2024A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Generationcited by 21
- 2024Zero-shot LLM-guided Counterfactual Generation: A Case Study on NLP Model Evaluationcited by 18
- 2024Text Generation: A Systematic Literature Review of Tasks, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 18
- 2021Synthesizing Adversarial Negative Responses for Robust Response Ranking and Evaluationcited by 16
- 2021The King is Naked: on the Notion of Robustness for Natural Language Processingcited by 16
- 2024CEval: A Benchmark for Evaluating Counterfactual Text Generationcited by 15
- 2024Gumbel Counterfactual Generation From Language Modelscited by 14
- 2022Flexible text generation for counterfactual fairness probingcited by 13
- 2022CARETS: A Consistency And Robustness Evaluative Test Suite for VQAcited by 11
- 2022Fact Checking with Insufficient Evidencecited by 11
- 2021Transferable Persona-Grounded Dialogues via Grounded Minimal Editscited by 10
- 2024Detectors for Safe and Reliable LLMs: Implementations, Uses, and Limitationscited by 10
- 2025Executable Counterfactuals: Improving LLMs' Causal Reasoning Through Codecited by 10
- 2021Let the CAT out of the bag: Contrastive Attributed explanations for Textcited by 9
- 2022"FIJO": a French Insurance Soft Skill Detection Datasetcited by 8
- 2024Understanding Large Language Model Behaviors through Interactive Counterfactual Generation and Analysiscited by 8
- 2026Do LLM Self-Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior? Evaluating Counterfactual Simulatability with Pragmatic Perturbationscited by 7
- 2023Counterfactuals of Counterfactuals: a back-translation-inspired approach to analyse counterfactual editorscited by 6
- 2025FitCF: A Framework for Automatic Feature Importance-guided Counterfactual Example Generationcited by 6
- 2023Break it, Imitate it, Fix it: Robustness by Generating Human-Like Attackscited by 5
- 2023Navigating the Structured What-If Spaces: Counterfactual Generation via Structured Diffusioncited by 5
- 2024A Rationale-centric Counterfactual Data Augmentation Method for Cross-Document Event Coreference Resolutioncited by 5
- 2024The Odyssey of Commonsense Causality: From Foundational Benchmarks to Cutting-Edge Reasoningcited by 5
- 2024A Comparative Analysis of Counterfactual Explanation Methods for Text Classifierscited by 5
- 2025Truth or Twist? Optimal Model Selection for Reliable Label Flipping Evaluation in LLM-based Counterfactualscited by 5
- 2022AutoCAD: Automatically Generating Counterfactuals for Mitigating Shortcut Learningcited by 4
- 2024Generating Feasible and Plausible Counterfactual Explanations for Outcome Prediction of Business Processescited by 4
- 2021Interventional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 3
- 2023Cross-Modal Attribute Insertions for Assessing the Robustness of Vision-and-Language Learningcited by 3
- 2024Explaining Text Classifiers with Counterfactual Representationscited by 3
- 2024Multi-Aspect Controllable Text Generation with Disentangled Counterfactual Augmentationcited by 3
- 2021C3: Compositional Counterfactual Contrastive Learning for Video-grounded Dialoguescited by 2
- 2022Analogies and Feature Attributions for Model Agnostic Explanation of Similarity Learnerscited by 2
- 2022Prediction Sensitivity: Continual Audit of Counterfactual Fairness in Deployed Classifierscited by 2
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026Gumbel Machine: Counterfactual Student Writing Generation via Gumbel Noise Steering26 May 2026
- 2026SemaPop: Semantic-Persona Conditioned and Controllable Population Synthesis12 Feb 2026
- 2026Do LLM Self-Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior? Evaluating Counterfactual Simulatability with Pragmatic Perturbations7 Jan 2026
- 2026Parallel Universes, Parallel Languages: A Comprehensive Study on LLM-based Multilingual Counterfactual Example Generation1 Jan 2026
- 2025Bot Meets Shortcut: How Can LLMs Aid in Handling Unknown Invariance OOD Scenarios?11 Nov 2025
- 2025Executable Counterfactuals: Improving LLMs' Causal Reasoning Through Code2 Oct 2025
- 2025GenAI-based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning towards Distributed Agent Intelligence: A Generative-RL Agent Perspective13 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Fairness Assessment of Dutch Hate Speech Detection14 Jun 2025
- 2025Truth or Twist? Optimal Model Selection for Reliable Label Flipping Evaluation in LLM-based Counterfactuals20 May 2025
- 2025Refining Financial Consumer Complaints through Multi-Scale Model Interaction14 Apr 2025
- 2025Palette of Language Models: A Solver for Controlled Text Generation14 Mar 2025
- 2025Leveraging a Simulator for Learning Causal Representations from Post-Treatment Covariates for CATE7 Feb 2025
38 more
- 2025RIE-SenseNet: Riemannian Manifold Embedding of Multi-Source Industrial Sensor Signals for Robust Pattern Recognition4 Feb 2025
- 2025FitCF: A Framework for Automatic Feature Importance-guided Counterfactual Example Generation1 Jan 2025
- 2024Gumbel Counterfactual Generation From Language Models11 Nov 2024
- 2024A Comparative Analysis of Counterfactual Explanation Methods for Text Classifiers4 Nov 2024
- 2024Generating Diverse Negations from Affirmative Sentences30 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey on Natural Language Counterfactual Generation4 Jul 2024
- 2024The Odyssey of Commonsense Causality: From Foundational Benchmarks to Cutting-Edge Reasoning27 Jun 2024
- 2024CELL your Model: Contrastive Explanations for Large Language Models17 Jun 2024
- 2024Multi-Aspect Controllable Text Generation with Disentangled Counterfactual Augmentation30 May 2024
- 2024Text Generation: A Systematic Literature Review of Tasks, Evaluation, and Challenges24 May 2024
- 2024Towards Understanding the Working Mechanism of Text-to-Image Diffusion Model24 May 2024
- 2024Zero-shot LLM-guided Counterfactual Generation: A Case Study on NLP Model Evaluation8 May 2024
- 2024CEval: A Benchmark for Evaluating Counterfactual Text Generation26 Apr 2024
- 2024Understanding Large Language Model Behaviors through Interactive Counterfactual Generation and Analysis23 Apr 2024
- 2024Does It Make Sense to Explain a Black Box With Another Black Box?23 Apr 2024
- 2024A Rationale-centric Counterfactual Data Augmentation Method for Cross-Document Event Coreference Resolution2 Apr 2024
- 2024Generating Feasible and Plausible Counterfactual Explanations for Outcome Prediction of Business Processes14 Mar 2024
- 2024Detectors for Safe and Reliable LLMs: Implementations, Uses, and Limitations9 Mar 2024
- 2024Explaining Text Classifiers with Counterfactual Representations1 Feb 2024
- 2023Navigating the Structured What-If Spaces: Counterfactual Generation via Structured Diffusion21 Dec 2023
- 2023Personalized Path Recourse for Reinforcement Learning Agents14 Dec 2023
- 2023People Make Better Edits: Measuring the Efficacy of LLM-Generated Counterfactually Augmented Data for Harmful Language Detection2 Nov 2023
- 2023"Honey, Tell Me What's Wrong", Global Explanation of Textual Discriminative Models through Cooperative Generation27 Oct 2023
- 2023Break it, Imitate it, Fix it: Robustness by Generating Human-Like Attacks25 Oct 2023
- 2023Improving Emotional Expression and Cohesion in Image-Based Playlist Description and Music Topics: A Continuous Parameterization Approach2 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards LLM-guided Causal Explainability for Black-box Text Classifiers23 Sep 2023
- 2023Synthetic Text Generation using Hypergraph Representations6 Sep 2023
- 2023Cross-Modal Attribute Insertions for Assessing the Robustness of Vision-and-Language Learning19 Jun 2023
- 2023CREST: A Joint Framework for Rationalization and Counterfactual Text Generation26 May 2023
- 2023Counterfactuals of Counterfactuals: a back-translation-inspired approach to analyse counterfactual editors26 May 2023
- 2023Improving Classifier Robustness through Active Generation of Pairwise Counterfactuals22 May 2023
- 2023A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Large Language Models through the Lens of Verification and Validation19 May 2023
- 2023ReMask: A Robust Information-Masking Approach for Domain Counterfactual Generation4 May 2023
- 2023Exploring the Connection between Robust and Generative Models8 Apr 2023
- 2023Explaining Recommendation System Using Counterfactual Textual Explanations14 Mar 2023
- 2022DISCO: Distilling Counterfactuals with Large Language Models20 Dec 2022
- 2022AutoCAD: Automatically Generating Counterfactuals for Mitigating Shortcut Learning29 Nov 2022
- 2022NeuroCounterfactuals: Beyond Minimal-Edit Counterfactuals for Richer Data Augmentation22 Oct 2022
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2021Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing via Large Pre-Trained Language Models: A Surveycited by 463
- 2021Polyjuice: Generating Counterfactuals for Explaining, Evaluating, and Improving Modelscited by 222
- 2021Benchmarking and Survey of Explanation Methods for Black Box Modelscited by 136
- 2023A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Large Language Models through the Lens of Verification and Validationcited by 93
- 2021If Only We Had Better Counterfactual Explanations: Five Key Deficits to Rectify in the Evaluation of Counterfactual XAI Techniquescited by 82
- 2021Tailor: Generating and Perturbing Text with Semantic Controlscited by 68
- 2022A Causal Lens for Controllable Text Generationcited by 45
- 2023Towards LLM-guided Causal Explainability for Black-box Text Classifierscited by 44
- 2022DISCO: Distilling Counterfactuals with Large Language Modelscited by 30
- 2022Counterfactual harmcited by 29
- 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Models of Codecited by 25
- 2023People Make Better Edits: Measuring the Efficacy of LLM-Generated Counterfactually Augmented Data for Harmful Language Detectioncited by 25
12 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026Gumbel Machine: Counterfactual Student Writing Generation via Gumbel Noise Steering26 May 2026
- 2026SemaPop: Semantic-Persona Conditioned and Controllable Population Synthesis12 Feb 2026
- 2026Do LLM Self-Explanations Help Users Predict Model Behavior? Evaluating Counterfactual Simulatability with Pragmatic Perturbations7 Jan 2026
- 2026Parallel Universes, Parallel Languages: A Comprehensive Study on LLM-based Multilingual Counterfactual Example Generation1 Jan 2026
- 2025Bot Meets Shortcut: How Can LLMs Aid in Handling Unknown Invariance OOD Scenarios?11 Nov 2025
- 2025GenAI-based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning towards Distributed Agent Intelligence: A Generative-RL Agent Perspective13 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Fairness Assessment of Dutch Hate Speech Detection14 Jun 2025
- 2025Truth or Twist? Optimal Model Selection for Reliable Label Flipping Evaluation in LLM-based Counterfactuals20 May 2025
- 2025Refining Financial Consumer Complaints through Multi-Scale Model Interaction14 Apr 2025
- 2025Palette of Language Models: A Solver for Controlled Text Generation14 Mar 2025
- 2025Leveraging a Simulator for Learning Causal Representations from Post-Treatment Covariates for CATE7 Feb 2025
- 2025RIE-SenseNet: Riemannian Manifold Embedding of Multi-Source Industrial Sensor Signals for Robust Pattern Recognition4 Feb 2025
12 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)