Behind the Curtain: Learning Occluded Shapes for 3D Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Advances in LiDAR sensors provide rich 3D data that supports 3D scene understanding. However, due to occlusion and signal miss, LiDAR point clouds are in practice 2.5D as they cover only partial underlying shapes, which poses a fundamental challenge to 3D perception. To tackle the challenge, we present a novel LiDAR-based 3D object detection model, dubbed Behind the Curtain Detector (BtcDet), which learns the object shape priors and estimates the complete object shapes that are partially occluded (curtained) in point clouds. BtcDet first identifies the regions that are affected by occlusion and signal miss. In these regions, our model predicts the probability of occupancy that indicates if a region contains object shapes. Integrated with this probability map, BtcDet can generate high-quality 3D proposals. Finally, the probability of occupancy is also integrated into a proposal refinement module to generate the final bounding boxes. Extensive experiments on the KITTI Dataset and the Waymo Open Dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of BtcDet. Particularly, for the 3D detection of both cars and cyclists on the KITTI benchmark, BtcDet surpasses all of the published state-of-the-art methods by remarkable margins. Code is released (https://github.com/Xharlie/BtcDet}{https://github.com/Xharlie/BtcDet).
Key facts. Cited by 58 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 44 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2021.
Builds on
44 of 54 references.
References · 44
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- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,436
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
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- 2019Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 648
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32 more
- 2020Point-GNN: Graph Neural Network for 3D Object Detection in a Point Cloudcited by 335
- 2017Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregationcited by 325
- 2019STD: Sparse-to-Dense 3D Object Detector for Point Cloudcited by 282
- 2020Sparse Single Sweep LiDAR Point Cloud Segmentation via Learning Contextual Shape Priors from Scene Completioncited by 222
- 2020Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 203
- 20203D-CVF: Generating Joint Camera and LiDAR Features Using Cross-View Spatial Feature Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 176
- 2018Acquisition of Localization Confidence for Accurate Object Detectioncited by 174
- 2019End-to-End Multi-View Fusion for 3D Object Detection in LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 171
- 2020EPNet: Enhancing Point Features with Image Semantics for 3D Object Detectioncited by 164
- 2020CLOCs: Camera-LiDAR Object Candidates Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 147
- 2020Pillar-based Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 137
- 2019IoU Loss for 2D/3D Object Detectioncited by 128
- 2019Frustum ConvNet: Sliding Frustums to Aggregate Local Point-Wise Features for Amodal 3D Object Detectioncited by 124
- 2019Fast Point R-CNNcited by 119
- 2019TANet: Robust 3D Object Detection from Point Clouds with Triple Attentioncited by 108
- 2020CIA-SSD: Confident IoU-Aware Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 107
- 2019GS3D: An Efficient 3D Object Detection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 106
- 2019Grid-GCN for Fast and Scalable Point Cloud Learningcited by 103
- 2021SPG: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection via Semantic Point Generationcited by 93
- 2019Object as Hotspots: An Anchor-Free 3D Object Detection Approach via Firing of Hotspotscited by 84
- 2020HVNet: Hybrid Voxel Network for LiDAR Based 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
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- 2019What You See is What You Get: Exploiting Visibility for 3D Object Detectioncited by 69
- 2020AFDet: Anchor Free One Stage 3D Object Detectioncited by 63
- 2018Learning to See the Invisible: End-to-End Trainable Amodal Instance Segmentationcited by 62
- 2018Occlusion-aware R-CNN: Detecting Pedestrians in a Crowdcited by 58
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- 2020DOPS: Learning to Detect 3D Objects and Predict their 3D Shapescited by 27
- 2021MULLS: Versatile LiDAR SLAM via Multi-metric Linear Least Squarecited by 27
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- 2020SegVoxelNet: Exploring Semantic Context and Depth-aware Features for 3D Vehicle Detection from Point Cloudcited by 16
- 2021SIENet: Spatial Information Enhancement Network for 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudcited by 12
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 15; 2023: 21; 2024: 13; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2022OBMO: One Bounding Box Multiple Objects for Monocular 3D Object Detection20 Dec 2022
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- 2022Common Corruption Robustness of Point Cloud Detectors: Benchmark and Enhancement12 Oct 2022
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50 newest of 58 All 58 (JSON)
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022CenterFormer: Center-based Transformer for 3D Object Detectioncited by 99
- 2023Virtual Sparse Convolution for Multimodal 3D Object Detectioncited by 81
- 2022Transformation-Equivariant 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Drivingcited by 52
- 2024MonoCD: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Complementary Depthscited by 38
- 2023Uni3DETR: Unified 3D Detection Transformercited by 26
- 2023Object Detection with Transformers: A Reviewcited by 22
- 2023PVT-SSD: Single-Stage 3D Object Detector with Point-Voxel Transformercited by 21
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priorscited by 21
- 2022MAELi: Masked Autoencoder for Large-Scale LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 20
- 2022Rethinking IoU-based Optimization for Single-stage 3D Object Detectioncited by 19
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12 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Shape-Prior-Based Point Cloud Completion for Single-Stage Fully Sparse 3D Object Detection30 May 2026
- 2026ModalPatch: A Plug-and-Play Module for Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection under Modality Drop3 Mar 2026
- 2025TransBridge: Boost 3D Object Detection by Scene-Level Completion with Transformer Decoder12 Dec 2025
- 2025Enhancing Pseudo-Boxes via Data-Level LiDAR-Camera Fusion for Unsupervised 3D Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025DyCAF-Net: Dynamic Class-Aware Fusion Network5 Aug 2025
- 2025Multistream Network for LiDAR and Camera-based 3D Object Detection in Outdoor Scenes25 Jul 2025
- 2025Intrinsic-feature-guided 3D Object Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2024MonoDGP: Monocular 3D Object Detection with Decoupled-Query and Geometry-Error Priors25 Oct 2024
- 2024Image-Guided Semantic Pseudo-LiDAR Point Generation for 3D Object Detection23 Sep 2024
- 2024FSMDet: Vision-guided feature diffusion for fully sparse 3D detector11 Sep 2024
- 2024Multi-scale Feature Fusion with Point Pyramid for 3D Object Detection6 Sep 2024
- 2024CT3D++: Improving 3D Object Detection with Keypoint-induced Channel-wise Transformer12 Jun 2024
12 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)