Voice Conversion Challenge 2020: Intra-lingual semi-parallel and cross-lingual voice conversion
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Abstract (arXiv)
The voice conversion challenge is a bi-annual scientific event held to compare and understand different voice conversion (VC) systems built on a common dataset. In 2020, we organized the third edition of the challenge and constructed and distributed a new database for two tasks, intra-lingual semi-parallel and cross-lingual VC. After a two-month challenge period, we received 33 submissions, including 3 baselines built on the database. From the results of crowd-sourced listening tests, we observed that VC methods have progressed rapidly thanks to advanced deep learning methods. In particular, speaker similarity scores of several systems turned out to be as high as target speakers in the intra-lingual semi-parallel VC task. However, we confirmed that none of them have achieved human-level naturalness yet for the same task. The cross-lingual conversion task is, as expected, a more difficult task, and the overall naturalness and similarity scores were lower than those for the intra-lingual conversion task. However, we observed encouraging results, and the MOS scores of the best systems were higher than 4.0. We also show a few additional analysis results to aid in understanding cross-lingual VC better.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 17; 2023: 14; 2024: 14; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
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- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 113
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022FreeVC: Towards High-Quality Text-Free One-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 79
- 2022SUPERB-SG: Enhanced Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark for Semantic and Generative Capabilitiescited by 76
- 2021Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservationcited by 69
- 2023Voice Conversion With Just Nearest Neighborscited by 67
- 2021StarGANv2-VC: A Diverse, Unsupervised, Non-parallel Framework for Natural-Sounding Voice Conversioncited by 57
- 2023DDDM-VC: Decoupled Denoising Diffusion Models with Disentangled Representation and Prior Mixup for Verified Robust Voice Conversioncited by 38
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
- 2024XLSR-Mamba: A Dual-Column Bidirectional State Space Model for Spoofing Attack Detectioncited by 27
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
- 2021LDNet: Unified Listener Dependent Modeling in MOS Prediction for Synthetic Speechcited by 24
38 more
- 2021S3PRL-VC: Open-source Voice Conversion Framework with Self-supervised Speech Representationscited by 22
- 2021ESPnet2-TTS: Extending the Edge of TTS Researchcited by 22
- 2024SONICS: Synthetic Or Not -- Identifying Counterfeit Songscited by 21
- 2022Zero-Shot Voice Conditioning for Denoising Diffusion TTS Modelscited by 20
- 2022SpeechLMScore: Evaluating speech generation using speech language modelcited by 19
- 2025ALLM4ADD: Unlocking the Capabilities of Audio Large Language Models for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 17
- 2021Voice Conversion Can Improve ASR in Very Low-Resource Settingscited by 13
- 2021Style Equalization: Unsupervised Learning of Controllable Generative Sequence Modelscited by 11
- 2023Do You Remember? Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting for Fake Audio Detectioncited by 11
- 2022Learning the Beauty in Songs: Neural Singing Voice Beautifiercited by 10
- 2022Fusion of Self-supervised Learned Models for MOS Predictioncited by 10
- 2022A Comparative Study of Self-supervised Speech Representation Based Voice Conversioncited by 9
- 2023Multi-Dataset Co-Training with Sharpness-Aware Optimization for Audio Anti-spoofingcited by 9
- 2023Phoneme Hallucinator: One-shot Voice Conversion via Set Expansioncited by 9
- 2024Harder or Different? Understanding Generalization of Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
- 2022Cross-Speaker Emotion Transfer for Low-Resource Text-to-Speech Using Non-Parallel Voice Conversion with Pitch-Shift Data Augmentationcited by 8
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 8
- 2022DDOS: A MOS Prediction Framework utilizing Domain Adaptive Pre-training and Distribution of Opinion Scorescited by 7
- 2023MOSPC: MOS Prediction Based on Pairwise Comparisoncited by 7
- 2024Improving child speech recognition with augmented child-like speechcited by 7
- 2024Prompt Tuning for Audio Deepfake Detection: Computationally Efficient Test-time Domain Adaptation with Limited Target Datasetcited by 7
- 2022Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets and Benchmarks, and a Meta-Reviewcited by 6
- 2023DSVAE: Interpretable Disentangled Representation for Synthetic Speech Detectioncited by 6
- 2023Rhythm Modeling for Voice Conversioncited by 6
- 2023Towards General-Purpose Text-Instruction-Guided Voice Conversioncited by 6
- 2021Pathological voice adaptation with autoencoder-based voice conversioncited by 5
- 2021StarGAN-ZSVC: Towards Zero-Shot Voice Conversion in Low-Resource Contextscited by 4
- 2021SVSNet: An End-to-end Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Modelcited by 4
- 2023Evaluating Methods for Ground-Truth-Free Foreign Accent Conversioncited by 4
- 2023Voice Conversion for Stuttered Speech, Instruments, Unseen Languages and Textually Described Voicescited by 4
- 2021An Adaptive Learning based Generative Adversarial Network for One-To-One Voice Conversioncited by 3
- 2021High-Fidelity and Low-Latency Universal Neural Vocoder based on Multiband WaveRNN with Data-Driven Linear Prediction for Discrete Waveform Modelingcited by 3
- 2021On Prosody Modeling for ASR+TTS based Voice Conversioncited by 3
- 2022Improve few-shot voice cloning using multi-modal learningcited by 3
- 2022Speak Like a Dog: Human to Non-human creature Voice Conversioncited by 3
- 2022Cross-lingual Text-To-Speech with Flow-based Voice Conversion for Improved Pronunciationcited by 3
- 2024SpeechComposer: Unifying Multiple Speech Tasks with Prompt Compositioncited by 3
- 2025LinearVC: Linear transformations of self-supervised features through the lens of voice conversioncited by 3
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026DAMOS: Learning Distortion-Aware Speech Quality Assessment through Explicit Distortion Localization21 Aug 2026
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets9 Jun 2026
- 2026Acoustic and perceptual differences between standard and accented speech and their voice clones2 Apr 2026
- 2025NaturalVoices: A Large-Scale, Spontaneous and Emotional Podcast Dataset for Voice Conversion31 Oct 2025
- 2025Attention-based Mixture of Experts for Robust Speech Deepfake Detection22 Sep 2025
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Threats Against Voice Authentication and Anti-Spoofing Systems22 Aug 2025
- 2025LinearVC: Linear transformations of self-supervised features through the lens of voice conversion2 Jun 2025
- 2025ALLM4ADD: Unlocking the Capabilities of Audio Large Language Models for Audio Deepfake Detection16 May 2025
- 2025Generative Adversarial Network based Voice Conversion: Techniques, Challenges, and Recent Advancements27 Apr 2025
- 2025FADEL: Uncertainty-aware Fake Audio Detection with Evidential Deep Learning22 Apr 2025
- 2025MARS6: A Small and Robust Hierarchical-Codec Text-to-Speech Model10 Jan 2025
38 more
- 2024XLSR-Mamba: A Dual-Column Bidirectional State Space Model for Spoofing Attack Detection15 Nov 2024
- 2024Prompt Tuning for Audio Deepfake Detection: Computationally Efficient Test-time Domain Adaptation with Limited Target Dataset13 Oct 2024
- 2024ESPnet-EZ: Python-only ESPnet for Easy Fine-tuning and Integration14 Sep 2024
- 2024SONICS: Synthetic Or Not -- Identifying Counterfeit Songs26 Aug 2024
- 2024Automatic Voice Identification after Speech Resynthesis using PPG5 Aug 2024
- 2024SLIM: Style-Linguistics Mismatch Model for Generalized Audio Deepfake Detection26 Jul 2024
- 2024Improving child speech recognition with augmented child-like speech12 Jun 2024
- 2024SVSNet+: Enhancing Speaker Voice Similarity Assessment Models with Representations from Speech Foundation Models12 Jun 2024
- 2024To what extent can ASV systems naturally defend against spoofing attacks?8 Jun 2024
- 2024Harder or Different? Understanding Generalization of Audio Deepfake Detection5 Jun 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Models15 Apr 2024
- 2024Automatic design optimization of preference-based subjective evaluation with online learning in crowdsourcing environment10 Mar 2024
- 2024Compression Robust Synthetic Speech Detection Using Patched Spectrogram Transformer22 Feb 2024
- 2024SpeechComposer: Unifying Multiple Speech Tasks with Prompt Composition31 Jan 2024
- 2023Voice Conversion for Stuttered Speech, Instruments, Unseen Languages and Textually Described Voices12 Oct 2023
- 2023A Comparative Study of Voice Conversion Models with Large-Scale Speech and Singing Data: The T13 Systems for the Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 20238 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards General-Purpose Text-Instruction-Guided Voice Conversion25 Sep 2023
- 2023Evaluating Methods for Ground-Truth-Free Foreign Accent Conversion5 Sep 2023
- 2023Phoneme Hallucinator: One-shot Voice Conversion via Set Expansion11 Aug 2023
- 2023Do You Remember? Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting for Fake Audio Detection7 Aug 2023
- 2023Rhythm Modeling for Voice Conversion12 Jul 2023
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 202326 Jun 2023
- 2023MOSPC: MOS Prediction Based on Pairwise Comparison18 Jun 2023
- 2023ALO-VC: Any-to-any Low-latency One-shot Voice Conversion1 Jun 2023
- 2023Multi-Dataset Co-Training with Sharpness-Aware Optimization for Audio Anti-spoofing31 May 2023
- 2023Voice Conversion With Just Nearest Neighbors30 May 2023
- 2023DDDM-VC: Decoupled Denoising Diffusion Models with Disentangled Representation and Prior Mixup for Verified Robust Voice Conversion25 May 2023
- 2023DSVAE: Interpretable Disentangled Representation for Synthetic Speech Detection6 Apr 2023
- 2022SpeechLMScore: Evaluating speech generation using speech language model8 Dec 2022
- 2022Cross-lingual Text-To-Speech with Flow-based Voice Conversion for Improved Pronunciation31 Oct 2022
- 2022FreeVC: Towards High-Quality Text-Free One-Shot Voice Conversion27 Oct 2022
- 2022Deepfake: Definitions, Performance Metrics and Standards, Datasets and Benchmarks, and a Meta-Review21 Aug 2022
- 2022A Comparative Study of Self-supervised Speech Representation Based Voice Conversion10 Jul 2022
- 2022GlowVC: Mel-spectrogram space disentangling model for language-independent text-free voice conversion4 Jul 2022
- 2022Speak Like a Dog: Human to Non-human creature Voice Conversion9 Jun 2022
- 2022Zero-Shot Voice Conditioning for Denoising Diffusion TTS Models5 Jun 2022
- 2022Read the Room: Adapting a Robot's Voice to Ambient and Social Contexts10 May 2022
- 2022Cross-Speaker Emotion Transfer for Low-Resource Text-to-Speech Using Non-Parallel Voice Conversion with Pitch-Shift Data Augmentation21 Apr 2022
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 113
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2022FreeVC: Towards High-Quality Text-Free One-Shot Voice Conversioncited by 79
- 2022SUPERB-SG: Enhanced Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark for Semantic and Generative Capabilitiescited by 76
- 2021Translatotron 2: High-quality direct speech-to-speech translation with voice preservationcited by 69
- 2023Voice Conversion With Just Nearest Neighborscited by 67
- 2021StarGANv2-VC: A Diverse, Unsupervised, Non-parallel Framework for Natural-Sounding Voice Conversioncited by 57
- 2024A Large-Scale Evaluation of Speech Foundation Modelscited by 38
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
- 2021LDNet: Unified Listener Dependent Modeling in MOS Prediction for Synthetic Speechcited by 24
- 2021S3PRL-VC: Open-source Voice Conversion Framework with Self-supervised Speech Representationscited by 22
- 2021ESPnet2-TTS: Extending the Edge of TTS Researchcited by 22
12 most cited of 71 All 71 (JSON)
- 2026DAMOS: Learning Distortion-Aware Speech Quality Assessment through Explicit Distortion Localization21 Aug 2026
- 2026Ethical and Technical Limits of Deepfake Speech Datasets9 Jun 2026
- 2026Acoustic and perceptual differences between standard and accented speech and their voice clones2 Apr 2026
- 2025NaturalVoices: A Large-Scale, Spontaneous and Emotional Podcast Dataset for Voice Conversion31 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-level SSL Feature Gating for Audio Deepfake Detection3 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Threats Against Voice Authentication and Anti-Spoofing Systems22 Aug 2025
- 2025LinearVC: Linear transformations of self-supervised features through the lens of voice conversion2 Jun 2025
- 2025ALLM4ADD: Unlocking the Capabilities of Audio Large Language Models for Audio Deepfake Detection16 May 2025
- 2025Generative Adversarial Network based Voice Conversion: Techniques, Challenges, and Recent Advancements27 Apr 2025
- 2025FADEL: Uncertainty-aware Fake Audio Detection with Evidential Deep Learning22 Apr 2025
- 2025MARS6: A Small and Robust Hierarchical-Codec Text-to-Speech Model10 Jan 2025
- 2024Prompt Tuning for Audio Deepfake Detection: Computationally Efficient Test-time Domain Adaptation with Limited Target Dataset13 Oct 2024
12 newest of 71 All 71 (JSON)