Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Intent Detection from Spoken Data
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We present a systematic study on multilingual and cross-lingual intent detection from spoken data. The study leverages a new resource put forth in this work, termed MInDS-14, a first training and evaluation resource for the intent detection task with spoken data. It covers 14 intents extracted from a commercial system in the e-banking domain, associated with spoken examples in 14 diverse language varieties. Our key results indicate that combining machine translation models with state-of-the-art multilingual sentence encoders (e.g., LaBSE) can yield strong intent detectors in the majority of target languages covered in MInDS-14, and offer comparative analyses across different axes: e.g., zero-shot versus few-shot learning, translation direction, and impact of speech recognition. We see this work as an important step towards more inclusive development and evaluation of multilingual intent detectors from spoken data, in a much wider spectrum of languages compared to prior work.
Key facts. Cited by 35 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2021.
Builds on
30 of 44 references.
References · 30
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,088
- 2020XTREME: A Massively Multilingual Multi-task Benchmark for Evaluating Cross-lingual Generalizationcited by 738
- 2020Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddingcited by 621
- 2020Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillationcited by 591
- 2020Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning for Speech Recognitioncited by 496
- 2019Towards Scalable Multi-domain Conversational Agents: The Schema-Guided Dialogue Datasetcited by 426
- 2020Efficient Intent Detection with Dual Sentence Encoderscited by 419
- 2019An Evaluation Dataset for Intent Classification and Out-of-Scope Predictioncited by 378
- 2018Snips Voice Platform: an embedded Spoken Language Understanding system for private-by-design voice interfacescited by 376
18 more
- 2019Multi-Task Deep Neural Networks for Natural Language Understandingcited by 349
- 2020XCOPA: A Multilingual Dataset for Causal Commonsense Reasoningcited by 330
- 2016A Network-based End-to-End Trainable Task-oriented Dialogue Systemcited by 252
- 2018Sentence Encoders on STILTs: Supplementary Training on Intermediate Labeled-data Taskscited by 214
- 2019Multilingual Universal Sentence Encoder for Semantic Retrievalcited by 192
- 2020A Survey on Recent Approaches for Natural Language Processing in Low-Resource Scenarioscited by 170
- 2019Benchmarking Natural Language Understanding Services for building Conversational Agentscited by 166
- 2019Show Your Work: Improved Reporting of Experimental Resultscited by 164
- 2018Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialogcited by 124
- 2020Massively Multilingual ASR: 50 Languages, 1 Model, 1 Billion Parameterscited by 110
- 2019ConveRT: Efficient and Accurate Conversational Representations from Transformerscited by 95
- 2020End-to-End Slot Alignment and Recognition for Cross-Lingual NLUcited by 82
- 2018Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processingcited by 63
- 2019Improving Multilingual Sentence Embedding using Bi-directional Dual Encoder with Additive Margin Softmaxcited by 58
- 2019Training Neural Response Selection for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 48
- 2018Learning Cross-Lingual Sentence Representations via a Multi-task Dual-Encoder Modelcited by 46
- 2021Evaluating Multilingual Text Encoders for Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Retrievalcited by 16
- 2019Almawave-SLU: A new dataset for SLU in Italiancited by 13
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 8; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 10; 2026: 5.
35 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022mSLAM: Massively multilingual joint pre-training for speech and textcited by 108
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)cited by 77
- 2023DISC-FinLLM: A Chinese Financial Large Language Model based on Multiple Experts Fine-tuningcited by 64
- 2021ConvFiT: Conversational Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Modelscited by 25
- 2022XTREME-S: Evaluating Cross-lingual Speech Representationscited by 22
- 2023Can ChatGPT Detect Intent? Evaluating Large Language Models for Spoken Language Understandingcited by 21
- 2025FinMTEB: Finance Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 18
- 2022MULTI3NLU++: A Multilingual, Multi-Intent, Multi-Domain Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 15
- 2022A Survey of Intent Classification and Slot-Filling Datasets for Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 14
- 2022Extrinsic Evaluation of Machine Translation Metricscited by 14
- 2024Do We Need Domain-Specific Embedding Models? An Empirical Investigationcited by 12
- 2022NLU++: A Multi-Label, Slot-Rich, Generalisable Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 8
23 more
- 2024SpeechTaxi: On Multilingual Semantic Speech Classificationcited by 6
- 2025FinTeam: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Intelligence System for Comprehensive Financial Scenarioscited by 5
- 2023The Interpreter Understands Your Meaning: End-to-end Spoken Language Understanding Aided by Speech Translationcited by 4
- 2025Fleurs-SLU: A Massively Multilingual Benchmark for Spoken Language Understandingcited by 4
- 2025Bridging Language Models and Financial Analysiscited by 4
- 2023Knowledge-Aware Audio-Grounded Generative Slot Filling for Limited Annotated Datacited by 3
- 2023SQATIN: Supervised Instruction Tuning Meets Question Answering for Improved Dialogue NLUcited by 3
- 2025Improving Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection with Auxiliary Tasks: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Case Studycited by 3
- 2025Breaking Audio Large Language Models by Attacking Only the Encoder: A Universal Targeted Latent-Space Audio Attackcited by 3
- 2026TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 3
- 2022Confidence Calibration for Intent Detection via Hyperspherical Space and Rebalanced Accuracy-Uncertainty Losscited by 2
- 2025Standard-to-Dialect Transfer Trends Differ across Text and Speech: A Case Study on Intent and Topic Classification in German Dialectscited by 2
- 2022A Major Obstacle for NLP Research: Let's Talk about Time Allocation!cited by 1
- 2023Sentence Embedder Guided Utterance Encoder (SEGUE) for Spoken Language Understandingcited by 1
- 2024DarijaBanking: A New Resource for Overcoming Language Barriers in Banking Intent Detection for Moroccan Arabic Speakerscited by 1
- 2025AutoIntent: AutoML for Text Classificationcited by 1
- 2026OmniACBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Context-Grounded Acoustic Control in Omni-Modal Modelscited by 1
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understandingcited by 1
- 2024Framework for Curating Speech Datasets and Evaluating ASR Systems: A Case Study for Polishcited by 0
- 2025Multilingual Datasets for Custom Input Extraction and Explanation Requests Parsing in Conversational XAI Systemscited by 0
- 2025WolBanking77: Wolof Banking Speech Intent Classification Datasetcited by 0
- 2026FastSLM: Hierarchical Temporal Abstraction for Efficient Long-Form Speech Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026MISID: A Multimodal Multi-turn Dataset for Complex Intent Recognition in Strategic Deception Gamescited by 0
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026MISID: A Multimodal Multi-turn Dataset for Complex Intent Recognition in Strategic Deception Games14 Apr 2026
- 2026OmniACBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Context-Grounded Acoustic Control in Omni-Modal Models25 Mar 2026
- 2026FastSLM: Hierarchical Temporal Abstraction for Efficient Long-Form Speech Adaptation8 Jan 2026
- 2026TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaboration8 Jan 2026
- 2025Breaking Audio Large Language Models by Attacking Only the Encoder: A Universal Targeted Latent-Space Audio Attack29 Dec 2025
- 2025Standard-to-Dialect Transfer Trends Differ across Text and Speech: A Case Study on Intent and Topic Classification in German Dialects9 Oct 2025
- 2025AutoIntent: AutoML for Text Classification25 Sep 2025
- 2025WolBanking77: Wolof Banking Speech Intent Classification Dataset23 Sep 2025
- 2025Multilingual Datasets for Custom Input Extraction and Explanation Requests Parsing in Conversational XAI Systems20 Aug 2025
- 2025FinTeam: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Intelligence System for Comprehensive Financial Scenarios5 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Language Models and Financial Analysis14 Mar 2025
23 more
- 2025FinMTEB: Finance Massive Text Embedding Benchmark16 Feb 2025
- 2025Fleurs-SLU: A Massively Multilingual Benchmark for Spoken Language Understanding10 Jan 2025
- 2025Improving Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection with Auxiliary Tasks: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Case Study7 Jan 2025
- 2024Do We Need Domain-Specific Embedding Models? An Empirical Investigation27 Sep 2024
- 2024SpeechTaxi: On Multilingual Semantic Speech Classification10 Sep 2024
- 2024Framework for Curating Speech Datasets and Evaluating ASR Systems: A Case Study for Polish18 Jul 2024
- 2024DarijaBanking: A New Resource for Overcoming Language Barriers in Banking Intent Detection for Moroccan Arabic Speakers26 May 2024
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)4 Feb 2024
- 2023SQATIN: Supervised Instruction Tuning Meets Question Answering for Improved Dialogue NLU16 Nov 2023
- 2023DISC-FinLLM: A Chinese Financial Large Language Model based on Multiple Experts Fine-tuning23 Oct 2023
- 2023Knowledge-Aware Audio-Grounded Generative Slot Filling for Limited Annotated Data4 Jul 2023
- 2023Can ChatGPT Detect Intent? Evaluating Large Language Models for Spoken Language Understanding22 May 2023
- 2023Sentence Embedder Guided Utterance Encoder (SEGUE) for Spoken Language Understanding20 May 2023
- 2023The Interpreter Understands Your Meaning: End-to-end Spoken Language Understanding Aided by Speech Translation16 May 2023
- 2022MULTI3NLU++: A Multilingual, Multi-Intent, Multi-Domain Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialogue20 Dec 2022
- 2022Extrinsic Evaluation of Machine Translation Metrics20 Dec 2022
- 2022A Major Obstacle for NLP Research: Let's Talk about Time Allocation!30 Nov 2022
- 2022A Survey of Intent Classification and Slot-Filling Datasets for Task-Oriented Dialog26 Jul 2022
- 2022NLU++: A Multi-Label, Slot-Rich, Generalisable Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialogue27 Apr 2022
- 2022XTREME-S: Evaluating Cross-lingual Speech Representations21 Mar 2022
- 2022Confidence Calibration for Intent Detection via Hyperspherical Space and Rebalanced Accuracy-Uncertainty Loss17 Mar 2022
- 2022mSLAM: Massively multilingual joint pre-training for speech and text3 Feb 2022
- 2021ConvFiT: Conversational Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Models21 Sep 2021
- 2022mSLAM: Massively multilingual joint pre-training for speech and textcited by 108
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)cited by 77
- 2021ConvFiT: Conversational Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Modelscited by 25
- 2022XTREME-S: Evaluating Cross-lingual Speech Representationscited by 22
- 2023Can ChatGPT Detect Intent? Evaluating Large Language Models for Spoken Language Understandingcited by 21
- 2025FinMTEB: Finance Massive Text Embedding Benchmarkcited by 18
- 2022MULTI3NLU++: A Multilingual, Multi-Intent, Multi-Domain Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 15
- 2022A Survey of Intent Classification and Slot-Filling Datasets for Task-Oriented Dialogcited by 14
- 2022Extrinsic Evaluation of Machine Translation Metricscited by 14
- 2024Do We Need Domain-Specific Embedding Models? An Empirical Investigationcited by 12
- 2022NLU++: A Multi-Label, Slot-Rich, Generalisable Dataset for Natural Language Understanding in Task-Oriented Dialoguecited by 8
- 2024SpeechTaxi: On Multilingual Semantic Speech Classificationcited by 6
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026MISID: A Multimodal Multi-turn Dataset for Complex Intent Recognition in Strategic Deception Games14 Apr 2026
- 2026OmniACBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Context-Grounded Acoustic Control in Omni-Modal Models25 Mar 2026
- 2026TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaboration8 Jan 2026
- 2025Standard-to-Dialect Transfer Trends Differ across Text and Speech: A Case Study on Intent and Topic Classification in German Dialects9 Oct 2025
- 2025AutoIntent: AutoML for Text Classification25 Sep 2025
- 2025WolBanking77: Wolof Banking Speech Intent Classification Dataset23 Sep 2025
- 2025Multilingual Datasets for Custom Input Extraction and Explanation Requests Parsing in Conversational XAI Systems20 Aug 2025
- 2025Bridging Language Models and Financial Analysis14 Mar 2025
- 2025FinMTEB: Finance Massive Text Embedding Benchmark16 Feb 2025
- 2025Fleurs-SLU: A Massively Multilingual Benchmark for Spoken Language Understanding10 Jan 2025
- 2025Improving Dialectal Slot and Intent Detection with Auxiliary Tasks: A Multi-Dialectal Bavarian Case Study7 Jan 2025
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)