Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machine
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a new framework for computing the embeddings of large-scale graphs on a single machine. A graph embedding is a fixed length vector representation for each node (and/or edge-type) in a graph and has emerged as the de-facto approach to apply modern machine learning on graphs. We identify that current systems for learning the embeddings of large-scale graphs are bottlenecked by data movement, which results in poor resource utilization and inefficient training. These limitations require state-of-the-art systems to distribute training across multiple machines. We propose Marius, a system for efficient training of graph embeddings that leverages partition caching and buffer-aware data orderings to minimize disk access and interleaves data movement with computation to maximize utilization. We compare Marius against two state-of-the-art industrial systems on a diverse array of benchmarks. We demonstrate that Marius achieves the same level of accuracy but is up to one order of magnitude faster. We also show that Marius can scale training to datasets an order of magnitude beyond a single machine's GPU and CPU memory capacity, enabling training of configurations with more than a billion edges and 550 GB of total parameters on a single machine with 16 GB of GPU memory and 64 GB of CPU memory. Marius is open-sourced at www.marius-project.org.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jan 2021.
Builds on
14 of 45 references.
References · 14
- 2016node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networkscited by 1,913
- 2018Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 1,133
- 2014Embedding Entities and Relations for Learning and Inference in Knowledge Basescited by 929
- 2016Complex Embeddings for Simple Link Predictioncited by 897
- 2018Link Prediction Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 829
- 2017Representation Learning on Graphs: Methods and Applicationscited by 456
- 2017A Comprehensive Survey of Graph Embedding: Problems, Techniques and Applicationscited by 260
- 2018Representation Tradeoffs for Hyperbolic Embeddingscited by 204
- 2017Graph Embedding Techniques, Applications, and Performance: A Surveycited by 188
- 2019PyTorch-BigGraph: A Large-scale Graph Embedding Systemcited by 118
- 2020DGL-KE: Training Knowledge Graph Embeddings at Scalecited by 67
- 2019GraphVite: A High-Performance CPU-GPU Hybrid System for Node Embeddingcited by 40
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 3; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
29 papers.
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- 2022Algorithm and System Co-design for Efficient Subgraph-based Graph Representation Learningcited by 28
- 2021Large Graph Convolutional Network Training with GPU-Oriented Data Communication Architecturecited by 25
- 2022Ginex: SSD-enabled Billion-scale Graph Neural Network Training on a Single Machine via Provably Optimal In-memory Cachingcited by 21
- 2023High-Throughput Vector Similarity Search in Knowledge Graphscited by 19
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2023A Survey on Graph Neural Network Acceleration: Algorithms, Systems, and Customized Hardwarecited by 18
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
- 2023Communication-Efficient Graph Neural Networks with Probabilistic Neighborhood Expansion Analysis and Cachingcited by 16
- 2022SmartSAGE: Training Large-scale Graph Neural Networks using In-Storage Processing Architecturescited by 12
- 2022Training Personalized Recommendation Systems from (GPU) Scratch: Look Forward not Backwardscited by 11
- 2022GNN at the Edge: Cost-Efficient Graph Neural Network Processing over Distributed Edge Serverscited by 11
- 2022BagPipe: Accelerating Deep Recommendation Model Trainingcited by 10
17 more
- 2021GraphTheta: A Distributed Graph Neural Network Learning System With Flexible Training Strategycited by 8
- 2025Quake: Adaptive Indexing for Vector Searchcited by 8
- 2021GNNear: Accelerating Full-Batch Training of Graph Neural Networks with Near-Memory Processingcited by 6
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Queryingcited by 5
- 2023NeutronOrch: Rethinking Sample-based GNN Training under CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Environmentscited by 5
- 2024Task-Oriented GNNs Training on Large Knowledge Graphs for Accurate and Efficient Modelingcited by 5
- 2024DiskGNN: Bridging I/O Efficiency and Model Accuracy for Out-of-Core GNN Trainingcited by 5
- 2024GraphSnapShot: Caching Local Structure for Fast Graph Learningcited by 4
- 2023Growing and Serving Large Open-domain Knowledge Graphscited by 3
- 2023Distributed Graph Embedding with Information-Oriented Random Walkscited by 2
- 2023Serving Graph Neural Networks With Distributed Fog Servers For Smart IoT Servicescited by 2
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
- 2026NGDB-Zoo: Towards Efficient and Scalable Neural Graph Databases Trainingcited by 2
- 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPUcited by 0
- 2025Armada: Memory-Efficient Distributed Training of Large-Scale Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2025MLKV: Efficiently Scaling up Large Embedding Model Training with Disk-based Key-Value Storagecited by 0
- 2026MQ-GNN: A Multi-Queue Pipelined Architecture for Scalable and Efficient GNN Trainingcited by 0
- 2026NGDB-Zoo: Towards Efficient and Scalable Neural Graph Databases Training25 Feb 2026
- 2026MQ-GNN: A Multi-Queue Pipelined Architecture for Scalable and Efficient GNN Training8 Jan 2026
- 2025Quake: Adaptive Indexing for Vector Search3 Jun 2025
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completion11 Apr 2025
- 2025MLKV: Efficiently Scaling up Large Embedding Model Training with Disk-based Key-Value Storage2 Apr 2025
- 2025Armada: Memory-Efficient Distributed Training of Large-Scale Graph Neural Networks25 Feb 2025
- 2024GraphSnapShot: Caching Local Structure for Fast Graph Learning25 Jun 2024
- 2024DiskGNN: Bridging I/O Efficiency and Model Accuracy for Out-of-Core GNN Training8 May 2024
- 2024Task-Oriented GNNs Training on Large Knowledge Graphs for Accurate and Efficient Modeling9 Mar 2024
- 2023NeutronOrch: Rethinking Sample-based GNN Training under CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Environments22 Nov 2023
- 2023Serving Graph Neural Networks With Distributed Fog Servers For Smart IoT Services4 Jul 2023
- 2023A Survey on Graph Neural Network Acceleration: Algorithms, Systems, and Customized Hardware24 Jun 2023
17 more
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Querying23 May 2023
- 2023Growing and Serving Large Open-domain Knowledge Graphs16 May 2023
- 2023Communication-Efficient Graph Neural Networks with Probabilistic Neighborhood Expansion Analysis and Caching4 May 2023
- 2023High-Throughput Vector Similarity Search in Knowledge Graphs4 Apr 2023
- 2023Distributed Graph Embedding with Information-Oriented Random Walks28 Mar 2023
- 2022GNN at the Edge: Cost-Efficient Graph Neural Network Processing over Distributed Edge Servers31 Oct 2022
- 2022Ginex: SSD-enabled Billion-scale Graph Neural Network Training on a Single Machine via Provably Optimal In-memory Caching19 Aug 2022
- 2022SmartSAGE: Training Large-scale Graph Neural Networks using In-Storage Processing Architectures10 May 2022
- 2022Training Personalized Recommendation Systems from (GPU) Scratch: Look Forward not Backwards10 May 2022
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scale15 Apr 2022
- 2022Algorithm and System Co-design for Efficient Subgraph-based Graph Representation Learning28 Feb 2022
- 2022BagPipe: Accelerating Deep Recommendation Model Training24 Feb 2022
- 2021GNNear: Accelerating Full-Batch Training of Graph Neural Networks with Near-Memory Processing1 Nov 2021
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphs28 Oct 2021
- 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPU19 Oct 2021
- 2021GraphTheta: A Distributed Graph Neural Network Learning System With Flexible Training Strategy21 Apr 2021
- 2021Large Graph Convolutional Network Training with GPU-Oriented Data Communication Architecture4 Mar 2021
- 2025Quake: Adaptive Indexing for Vector Searchcited by 8
- 2025Quake: Adaptive Indexing for Vector Search3 Jun 2025
- 2022Algorithm and System Co-design for Efficient Subgraph-based Graph Representation Learningcited by 28
- 2021Large Graph Convolutional Network Training with GPU-Oriented Data Communication Architecturecited by 25
- 2022Ginex: SSD-enabled Billion-scale Graph Neural Network Training on a Single Machine via Provably Optimal In-memory Cachingcited by 21
- 2023High-Throughput Vector Similarity Search in Knowledge Graphscited by 19
- 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
- 2023A Survey on Graph Neural Network Acceleration: Algorithms, Systems, and Customized Hardwarecited by 18
- 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
- 2023Communication-Efficient Graph Neural Networks with Probabilistic Neighborhood Expansion Analysis and Cachingcited by 16
- 2022SmartSAGE: Training Large-scale Graph Neural Networks using In-Storage Processing Architecturescited by 12
- 2022Training Personalized Recommendation Systems from (GPU) Scratch: Look Forward not Backwardscited by 11
- 2022GNN at the Edge: Cost-Efficient Graph Neural Network Processing over Distributed Edge Serverscited by 11
- 2022BagPipe: Accelerating Deep Recommendation Model Trainingcited by 10
12 most cited of 27 All 27 (JSON)
- 2026MQ-GNN: A Multi-Queue Pipelined Architecture for Scalable and Efficient GNN Training8 Jan 2026
- 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completion11 Apr 2025
- 2025MLKV: Efficiently Scaling up Large Embedding Model Training with Disk-based Key-Value Storage2 Apr 2025
- 2025Armada: Memory-Efficient Distributed Training of Large-Scale Graph Neural Networks25 Feb 2025
- 2024GraphSnapShot: Caching Local Structure for Fast Graph Learning25 Jun 2024
- 2024DiskGNN: Bridging I/O Efficiency and Model Accuracy for Out-of-Core GNN Training8 May 2024
- 2024Task-Oriented GNNs Training on Large Knowledge Graphs for Accurate and Efficient Modeling9 Mar 2024
- 2023NeutronOrch: Rethinking Sample-based GNN Training under CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Environments22 Nov 2023
- 2023Serving Graph Neural Networks With Distributed Fog Servers For Smart IoT Services4 Jul 2023
- 2023A Survey on Graph Neural Network Acceleration: Algorithms, Systems, and Customized Hardware24 Jun 2023
- 2023Knowledge Graphs Querying23 May 2023
- 2023Growing and Serving Large Open-domain Knowledge Graphs16 May 2023
12 newest of 27 All 27 (JSON)