mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Marius: Learning Massive Graph Embeddings on a Single Machine

arXiv 2101.08358 ↗First posted 20 Jan 2021cs.LG cs.DB cs.DCcited by 29

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a new framework for computing the embeddings of large-scale graphs on a single machine. A graph embedding is a fixed length vector representation for each node (and/or edge-type) in a graph and has emerged as the de-facto approach to apply modern machine learning on graphs. We identify that current systems for learning the embeddings of large-scale graphs are bottlenecked by data movement, which results in poor resource utilization and inefficient training. These limitations require state-of-the-art systems to distribute training across multiple machines. We propose Marius, a system for efficient training of graph embeddings that leverages partition caching and buffer-aware data orderings to minimize disk access and interleaves data movement with computation to maximize utilization. We compare Marius against two state-of-the-art industrial systems on a diverse array of benchmarks. We demonstrate that Marius achieves the same level of accuracy but is up to one order of magnitude faster. We also show that Marius can scale training to datasets an order of magnitude beyond a single machine's GPU and CPU memory capacity, enabling training of configurations with more than a billion edges and 550 GB of total parameters on a single machine with 16 GB of GPU memory and 64 GB of CPU memory. Marius is open-sourced at www.marius-project.org.

Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jan 2021.

Builds on

14 of 45 references.

References · 14

  1. 2016node2vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networkscited by 1,913
  2. 2018Graph Convolutional Neural Networks for Web-Scale Recommender Systemscited by 1,133
  3. 2014Embedding Entities and Relations for Learning and Inference in Knowledge Basescited by 929
  4. 2016Complex Embeddings for Simple Link Predictioncited by 897
  5. 2018Link Prediction Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 829
  6. 2017Representation Learning on Graphs: Methods and Applicationscited by 456
  7. 2017A Comprehensive Survey of Graph Embedding: Problems, Techniques and Applicationscited by 260
  8. 2018Representation Tradeoffs for Hyperbolic Embeddingscited by 204
  9. 2017Graph Embedding Techniques, Applications, and Performance: A Surveycited by 188
  10. 2019PyTorch-BigGraph: A Large-scale Graph Embedding Systemcited by 118
  11. 2020DGL-KE: Training Knowledge Graph Embeddings at Scalecited by 67
  12. 2019GraphVite: A High-Performance CPU-GPU Hybrid System for Node Embeddingcited by 40
2 more
  1. 2020The impossibility of low rank representations for triangle-rich complex networkscited by 32
  2. 2018A Capsule Network-based Embedding Model for Knowledge Graph Completion and Search Personalizationcited by 30

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 7; 2023: 8; 2024: 3; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

29 papers.

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  1. 2022Algorithm and System Co-design for Efficient Subgraph-based Graph Representation Learningcited by 28
  2. 2021Large Graph Convolutional Network Training with GPU-Oriented Data Communication Architecturecited by 25
  3. 2022Ginex: SSD-enabled Billion-scale Graph Neural Network Training on a Single Machine via Provably Optimal In-memory Cachingcited by 21
  4. 2023High-Throughput Vector Similarity Search in Knowledge Graphscited by 19
  5. 2022Saga: A Platform for Continuous Construction and Serving of Knowledge At Scalecited by 18
  6. 2023A Survey on Graph Neural Network Acceleration: Algorithms, Systems, and Customized Hardwarecited by 18
  7. 2021SMORE: Knowledge Graph Completion and Multi-hop Reasoning in Massive Knowledge Graphscited by 17
  8. 2023Communication-Efficient Graph Neural Networks with Probabilistic Neighborhood Expansion Analysis and Cachingcited by 16
  9. 2022SmartSAGE: Training Large-scale Graph Neural Networks using In-Storage Processing Architecturescited by 12
  10. 2022Training Personalized Recommendation Systems from (GPU) Scratch: Look Forward not Backwardscited by 11
  11. 2022GNN at the Edge: Cost-Efficient Graph Neural Network Processing over Distributed Edge Serverscited by 11
  12. 2022BagPipe: Accelerating Deep Recommendation Model Trainingcited by 10
17 more
  1. 2021GraphTheta: A Distributed Graph Neural Network Learning System With Flexible Training Strategycited by 8
  2. 2025Quake: Adaptive Indexing for Vector Searchcited by 8
  3. 2021GNNear: Accelerating Full-Batch Training of Graph Neural Networks with Near-Memory Processingcited by 6
  4. 2023Knowledge Graphs Queryingcited by 5
  5. 2023NeutronOrch: Rethinking Sample-based GNN Training under CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Environmentscited by 5
  6. 2024Task-Oriented GNNs Training on Large Knowledge Graphs for Accurate and Efficient Modelingcited by 5
  7. 2024DiskGNN: Bridging I/O Efficiency and Model Accuracy for Out-of-Core GNN Trainingcited by 5
  8. 2024GraphSnapShot: Caching Local Structure for Fast Graph Learningcited by 4
  9. 2023Growing and Serving Large Open-domain Knowledge Graphscited by 3
  10. 2023Distributed Graph Embedding with Information-Oriented Random Walkscited by 2
  11. 2023Serving Graph Neural Networks With Distributed Fog Servers For Smart IoT Servicescited by 2
  12. 2025On Large-scale Evaluation of Embedding Models for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 2
  13. 2026NGDB-Zoo: Towards Efficient and Scalable Neural Graph Databases Trainingcited by 2
  14. 2021Boosting Graph Embedding on a Single GPUcited by 0
  15. 2025Armada: Memory-Efficient Distributed Training of Large-Scale Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
  16. 2025MLKV: Efficiently Scaling up Large Embedding Model Training with Disk-based Key-Value Storagecited by 0
  17. 2026MQ-GNN: A Multi-Queue Pipelined Architecture for Scalable and Efficient GNN Trainingcited by 0