A Graph to Graphs Framework for Retrosynthesis Prediction
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Abstract (arXiv)
A fundamental problem in computational chemistry is to find a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule, a.k.a. retrosynthesis prediction. Existing state-of-the-art methods rely on matching the target molecule with a large set of reaction templates, which are very computationally expensive and also suffer from the problem of coverage. In this paper, we propose a novel template-free approach called G2Gs by transforming a target molecular graph into a set of reactant molecular graphs. G2Gs first splits the target molecular graph into a set of synthons by identifying the reaction centers, and then translates the synthons to the final reactant graphs via a variational graph translation framework. Experimental results show that G2Gs significantly outperforms existing template-free approaches by up to 63% in terms of the top-1 accuracy and achieves a performance close to that of state-of-the-art template based approaches, but does not require domain knowledge and is much more scalable.
Key facts. Cited by 85 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 13; 2022: 19; 2023: 21; 2024: 13; 2025: 12; 2026: 7.
85 papers.
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- 2022Graph neural networks for materials science and chemistrycited by 181
- 2021Self-supervised Graph-level Representation Learning with Local and Global Structurecited by 125
- 2022Molecular Geometry Pretraining with SE(3)-Invariant Denoising Distance Matchingcited by 67
- 2021Permutation invariant graph-to-sequence model for template-free retrosynthesis and reaction predictioncited by 66
- 2021An End-to-End Framework for Molecular Conformation Generation via Bilevel Programmingcited by 59
- 2021Local Augmentation for Graph Neural Networkscited by 52
- 2022Root-aligned SMILES: A Tight Representation for Chemical Reaction Predictioncited by 49
- 2022TorchDrug: A Powerful and Flexible Machine Learning Platform for Drug Discoverycited by 45
- 2023RetroBridge: Modeling Retrosynthesis with Markov Bridgescited by 35
- 2023ChatGPT-powered Conversational Drug Editing Using Retrieval and Domain Feedbackcited by 30
- 2023Distributional GFlowNets with Quantile Flowscited by 28
- 2021Dual-view Molecule Pre-trainingcited by 27
38 more
- 2021Self-Improved Retrosynthetic Planningcited by 23
- 2022RetroGraph: Retrosynthetic Planning with Graph Searchcited by 23
- 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materialscited by 22
- 2022Graph Neural Networks for Moleculescited by 21
- 2023Domain-Agnostic Molecular Generation with Chemical Feedbackcited by 21
- 2024ReactXT: Understanding Molecular "Reaction-ship" via Reaction-Contextualized Molecule-Text Pretrainingcited by 19
- 2021Semi-Supervised Graph-to-Graph Translationcited by 18
- 2022Interpreting Unfairness in Graph Neural Networks via Training Node Attributioncited by 18
- 2021Non-Autoregressive Electron Redistribution Modeling for Reaction Predictioncited by 17
- 2023Retrosynthesis Prediction with Local Template Retrievalcited by 15
- 2023Models Matter: The Impact of Single-Step Retrosynthesis on Synthesis Planningcited by 15
- 2022FusionRetro: Molecule Representation Fusion via In-Context Learning for Retrosynthetic Planningcited by 14
- 2021Modern Hopfield Networks for Few- and Zero-Shot Reaction Template Predictioncited by 13
- 2021RetroComposer: Composing Templates for Template-Based Retrosynthesis Predictioncited by 13
- 2022SemiRetro: Semi-template framework boosts deep retrosynthesis predictioncited by 13
- 2022Molecule Generation for Drug Design: a Graph Learning Perspectivecited by 13
- 2025LLM-Augmented Chemical Synthesis and Design Decision Programscited by 13
- 2025AOT*: Efficient Synthesis Planning via LLM-Empowered AND-OR Tree Searchcited by 13
- 2024DirectMultiStep: Direct Route Generation for Multistep Retrosynthesiscited by 11
- 2023Deep Learning Methods for Small Molecule Drug Discovery: A Surveycited by 10
- 2023Node-Aligned Graph-to-Graph (NAG2G): Elevating Template-Free Deep Learning Approaches in Single-Step Retrosynthesiscited by 9
- 2023Predictive Chemistry Augmented with Text Retrievalcited by 9
- 2024BatGPT-Chem: A Foundation Large Model For Retrosynthesis Predictioncited by 9
- 2022Retroformer: Pushing the Limits of Interpretable End-to-end Retrosynthesis Transformercited by 8
- 2022MARS: A Motif-based Autoregressive Model for Retrosynthesis Predictioncited by 8
- 2023RetroDiff: Retrosynthesis as Multi-stage Distribution Interpolationcited by 7
- 2024Equivariant Denoisers Cannot Copy Graphs: Align Your Graph Diffusion Modelscited by 7
- 2021RetCL: A Selection-based Approach for Retrosynthesis via Contrastive Learningcited by 6
- 2022Efficient and Accurate Physics-aware Multiplex Graph Neural Networks for 3D Small Molecules and Macromolecule Complexescited by 6
- 2023Knowledge-augmented Graph Machine Learning for Drug Discovery: A Surveycited by 6
- 2024UAlign: Pushing the Limit of Template-free Retrosynthesis Prediction with Unsupervised SMILES Alignmentcited by 6
- 2024Preference Optimization for Molecule Synthesis with Conditional Residual Energy-based Modelscited by 6
- 2022G2GT: Retrosynthesis Prediction with Graph to Graph Attention Neural Network and Self-Trainingcited by 5
- 2023Recent advances in artificial intelligence for retrosynthesiscited by 5
- 2023RCsearcher: Reaction Center Identification in Retrosynthesis via Deep Q-Learningcited by 5
- 2024Retrosynthesis prediction enhanced by in-silico reaction data augmentationcited by 5
- 2024Evaluating Molecule Synthesizability via Retrosynthetic Planning and Reaction Predictioncited by 5
- 2022mathsfG2Retro as a Two-Step Graph Generative Models for Retrosynthesis Predictioncited by 4
50 most cited of 85 All 85 (JSON)
- 2026RetroGEF: Dynamic Graph Edit Flow for Single-Step Retrosynthesis29 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Transferable Reaction Mechanisms from Visual Chemical Knowledge27 Sep 2026
- 2026Accurate, Interdisciplinary and Transparent Structure-property Understanding with Deep Native Structural Reasoning8 Jul 2026
- 2026Representation-Guided Discrete Molecular Graph Retrosynthesis23 May 2026
- 2026Reinforced Reasoning for End-to-End Retrosynthetic Planning31 Mar 2026
- 2026Order Matters in Retrosynthesis: Structure-aware Generation via Reaction-Center-Guided Discrete Flow Matching13 Feb 2026
- 2026RxnNano:Training Compact LLMs for Chemical Reaction and Retrosynthesis Prediction via Hierarchical Curriculum Learning10 Feb 2026
- 2025Template-Free Retrosynthesis with Graph-Prior Augmented Transformers11 Dec 2025
- 2025BioMedGPT-Mol: Multi-task Learning for Molecular Understanding and Generation4 Dec 2025
- 2025Copy-Augmented Representation for Structure Invariant Template-Free Retrosynthesis18 Oct 2025
- 2025AOT*: Efficient Synthesis Planning via LLM-Empowered AND-OR Tree Search25 Sep 2025
- 2025Uni-Mol3: A Multi-Molecular Foundation Model for Advancing Organic Reaction Modeling30 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025RetroDFM-R: Reasoning-Driven Retrosynthesis Prediction with Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning23 Jul 2025
- 2025Position: Quantum Kernel Machines Should Move Beyond Scalar-Valued Kernels to Realize Their Potential4 Jun 2025
- 2025DiffER: Categorical Diffusion for Chemical Retrosynthesis29 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Augmented Chemical Synthesis and Design Decision Programs11 May 2025
- 2025Chemical knowledge-informed framework for privacy-aware retrosynthesis learning26 Feb 2025
- 2025Survey on Recent Progress of AI for Chemistry: Methods, Applications, and Opportunities9 Feb 2025
- 2025ConfRetro: a 3D-aware template-free method for enhancing retrosynthesis via molecular conformer information21 Jan 2025
- 2024Evaluating Molecule Synthesizability via Retrosynthetic Planning and Reaction Prediction13 Nov 2024
- 2024BatGPT-Chem: A Foundation Large Model For Retrosynthesis Prediction19 Aug 2024
- 2024Preference Optimization for Molecule Synthesis with Conditional Residual Energy-based Models4 Jun 2024
- 2024Equivariant Denoisers Cannot Copy Graphs: Align Your Graph Diffusion Models27 May 2024
- 2024ReactXT: Understanding Molecular "Reaction-ship" via Reaction-Contextualized Molecule-Text Pretraining23 May 2024
- 2024DirectMultiStep: Direct Route Generation for Multistep Retrosynthesis22 May 2024
- 2024UAlign: Pushing the Limit of Template-free Retrosynthesis Prediction with Unsupervised SMILES Alignment25 Mar 2024
- 2024Contextual Molecule Representation Learning from Chemical Reaction Knowledge21 Feb 2024
- 2024Adversarial Curriculum Graph Contrastive Learning with Pair-wise Augmentation16 Feb 2024
- 2024Retrosynthesis Prediction via Search in (Hyper) Graph9 Feb 2024
- 2024Evolution Guided Generative Flow Networks3 Feb 2024
- 2024Retrosynthesis prediction enhanced by in-silico reaction data augmentation31 Jan 2024
- 2024T-Rex: Text-assisted Retrosynthesis Prediction26 Jan 2024
- 2023RetroOOD: Understanding Out-of-Distribution Generalization in Retrosynthesis Prediction18 Dec 2023
- 2023Predictive Chemistry Augmented with Text Retrieval8 Dec 2023
- 2023RetroDiff: Retrosynthesis as Multi-stage Distribution Interpolation23 Nov 2023
- 2023Molecule-Edit Templates for Efficient and Accurate Retrosynthesis Prediction11 Oct 2023
- 2023Evolutionary Retrosynthetic Route Planning8 Oct 2023
- 2023ReactionTeam: Teaming Experts for Divergent Thinking Beyond Typical Reaction Patterns7 Oct 2023
- 2023Node-Aligned Graph-to-Graph (NAG2G): Elevating Template-Free Deep Learning Approaches in Single-Step Retrosynthesis27 Sep 2023
- 2023RLSynC: Offline-Online Reinforcement Learning for Synthon Completion6 Sep 2023
- 2023RetroBridge: Modeling Retrosynthesis with Markov Bridges30 Aug 2023
- 2023Models Matter: The Impact of Single-Step Retrosynthesis on Synthesis Planning10 Aug 2023
- 2023A Unified View of Deep Learning for Reaction and Retrosynthesis Prediction: Current Status and Future Challenges28 Jun 2023
- 2023Symmetry-Informed Geometric Representation for Molecules, Proteins, and Crystalline Materials15 Jun 2023
- 2023Retrosynthesis Prediction with Local Template Retrieval7 Jun 2023
- 2023ChatGPT-powered Conversational Drug Editing Using Retrieval and Domain Feedback29 May 2023
- 2023MotifRetro: Exploring the Combinability-Consistency Trade-offs in retrosynthesis via Dynamic Motif Editing20 May 2023
- 2023Deep Learning Methods for Small Molecule Drug Discovery: A Survey1 Mar 2023
- 2023Knowledge-augmented Graph Machine Learning for Drug Discovery: A Survey16 Feb 2023
- 2023Distributional GFlowNets with Quantile Flows11 Feb 2023
50 newest of 85 All 85 (JSON)
- 2022Graph neural networks for materials science and chemistrycited by 181
- 2021Self-supervised Graph-level Representation Learning with Local and Global Structurecited by 125
- 2022Molecular Geometry Pretraining with SE(3)-Invariant Denoising Distance Matchingcited by 67
- 2021Permutation invariant graph-to-sequence model for template-free retrosynthesis and reaction predictioncited by 66
- 2021An End-to-End Framework for Molecular Conformation Generation via Bilevel Programmingcited by 59
- 2021Local Augmentation for Graph Neural Networkscited by 52
- 2022Root-aligned SMILES: A Tight Representation for Chemical Reaction Predictioncited by 49
- 2022TorchDrug: A Powerful and Flexible Machine Learning Platform for Drug Discoverycited by 45
- 2023RetroBridge: Modeling Retrosynthesis with Markov Bridgescited by 35
- 2023ChatGPT-powered Conversational Drug Editing Using Retrieval and Domain Feedbackcited by 30
- 2023Distributional GFlowNets with Quantile Flowscited by 28
- 2021Dual-view Molecule Pre-trainingcited by 27
12 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026RetroGEF: Dynamic Graph Edit Flow for Single-Step Retrosynthesis29 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Transferable Reaction Mechanisms from Visual Chemical Knowledge27 Sep 2026
- 2026Accurate, Interdisciplinary and Transparent Structure-property Understanding with Deep Native Structural Reasoning8 Jul 2026
- 2026Representation-Guided Discrete Molecular Graph Retrosynthesis23 May 2026
- 2026Reinforced Reasoning for End-to-End Retrosynthetic Planning31 Mar 2026
- 2026RxnNano:Training Compact LLMs for Chemical Reaction and Retrosynthesis Prediction via Hierarchical Curriculum Learning10 Feb 2026
- 2025Template-Free Retrosynthesis with Graph-Prior Augmented Transformers11 Dec 2025
- 2025BioMedGPT-Mol: Multi-task Learning for Molecular Understanding and Generation4 Dec 2025
- 2025Copy-Augmented Representation for Structure Invariant Template-Free Retrosynthesis18 Oct 2025
- 2025AOT*: Efficient Synthesis Planning via LLM-Empowered AND-OR Tree Search25 Sep 2025
- 2025Uni-Mol3: A Multi-Molecular Foundation Model for Advancing Organic Reaction Modeling30 Jul 2025
- 2025Position: Quantum Kernel Machines Should Move Beyond Scalar-Valued Kernels to Realize Their Potential4 Jun 2025
12 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)