Fairness by Learning Orthogonal Disentangled Representations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning discriminative powerful representations is a crucial step for machine learning systems. Introducing invariance against arbitrary nuisance or sensitive attributes while performing well on specific tasks is an important problem in representation learning. This is mostly approached by purging the sensitive information from learned representations. In this paper, we propose a novel disentanglement approach to invariant representation problem. We disentangle the meaningful and sensitive representations by enforcing orthogonality constraints as a proxy for independence. We explicitly enforce the meaningful representation to be agnostic to sensitive information by entropy maximization. The proposed approach is evaluated on five publicly available datasets and compared with state of the art methods for learning fairness and invariance achieving the state of the art performance on three datasets and comparable performance on the rest. Further, we perform an ablative study to evaluate the effect of each component.
Key facts. Cited by 76 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 17; 2023: 18; 2024: 17; 2025: 11; 2026: 6.
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- 2022Bias Mitigation for Machine Learning Classifiers: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 125
- 2022Fairness in Graph Mining: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022Fair Contrastive Learning for Facial Attribute Classificationcited by 71
- 2024FairCLIP: Harnessing Fairness in Vision-Language Learningcited by 69
- 2022MEDFAIR: Benchmarking Fairness for Medical Imagingcited by 66
- 2022Fairness-aware Adversarial Perturbation Towards Bias Mitigation for Deployed Deep Modelscited by 47
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2021Discover the Unknown Biased Attribute of an Image Classifiercited by 46
- 2021Learning Disentangled Representations in the Imaging Domaincited by 46
- 2022Learning Fair Representation via Distributional Contrastive Disentanglementcited by 31
- 2023Harvard Glaucoma Fairness: A Retinal Nerve Disease Dataset for Fairness Learning and Fair Identity Normalizationcited by 31
- 2022Addressing Fairness Issues in Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Analysis: A Systematic Reviewcited by 27
38 more
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- 2023FairTune: Optimizing Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning for Fairness in Medical Image Analysiscited by 23
- 2022FairDisCo: Fairer AI in Dermatology via Disentanglement Contrastive Learningcited by 22
- 2021Algorithm Fairness in AI for Medicine and Healthcarecited by 21
- 2022FARE: Provably Fair Representation Learning with Practical Certificatescited by 21
- 2021FedDis: Disentangled Federated Learning for Unsupervised Brain Pathology Segmentationcited by 19
- 2024FairDomain: Achieving Fairness in Cross-Domain Medical Image Segmentation and Classificationcited by 19
- 2021Latent Space Smoothing for Individually Fair Representationscited by 18
- 2023On Fairness of Medical Image Classification with Multiple Sensitive Attributes via Learning Orthogonal Representationscited by 17
- 2024Orthogonality and isotropy of speaker and phonetic information in self-supervised speech representationscited by 14
- 2023FairVision: Equitable Deep Learning for Eye Disease Screening via Fair Identity Scalingcited by 13
- 2023FAIRER: Fairness as Decision Rationale Alignmentcited by 12
- 2024OxonFair: A Flexible Toolkit for Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 12
- 2022Is Fairness Only Metric Deep? Evaluating and Addressing Subgroup Gaps in Deep Metric Learningcited by 11
- 2022Certifying Some Distributional Fairness with Subpopulation Decompositioncited by 11
- 2022How Robust is Your Fairness? Evaluating and Sustaining Fairness under Unseen Distribution Shiftscited by 11
- 2025CAD-VAE: Leveraging Correlation-Aware Latents for Comprehensive Fair Disentanglementcited by 10
- 2024Rethinking Fair Representation Learning for Performance-Sensitive Taskscited by 8
- 2025EagleVision: Object-level Attribute Multimodal LLM for Remote Sensingcited by 8
- 2022Disentangled Representation with Causal Constraints for Counterfactual Fairnesscited by 7
- 2025Fair Representation Learning for Continuous Sensitive Attributes using Expectation of Integral Probability Metricscited by 7
- 2023Fairness-aware Vision Transformer via Debiased Self-Attentioncited by 6
- 2024DeCoDEx: Confounder Detector Guidance for Improved Diffusion-based Counterfactual Explanationscited by 6
- 2024Enhancing Size Generalization in Graph Neural Networks through Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 6
- 2024Achieving Fairness Across Local and Global Models in Federated Learningcited by 5
- 2025Debiasing Diffusion Model: Enhancing Fairness through Latent Representation Learning in Stable Diffusion Modelcited by 5
- 2022Decouple-and-Sample: Protecting sensitive information in task agnostic data releasecited by 4
- 2023Distortion-Disentangled Contrastive Learningcited by 4
- 2023FairSeg: A Large-Scale Medical Image Segmentation Dataset for Fairness Learning Using Segment Anything Model with Fair Error-Bound Scalingcited by 4
- 2024On Biases in a UK Biobank-based Retinal Image Classification Modelcited by 4
- 2025Unsupervised Search for Ethnic Minorities' Medical Segmentation Training Setcited by 4
- 2021Fairness in TabNet Model by Disentangled Representation for the Prediction of Hospital No-Showcited by 3
- 2022A survey of Identification and mitigation of Machine Learning algorithmic biases in Image Analysiscited by 3
- 2023Fair-CDA: Continuous and Directional Augmentation for Group Fairnesscited by 3
- 2023Towards Poisoning Fair Representationscited by 3
- 2024Enhancing Fairness in Unsupervised Graph Anomaly Detection through Disentanglementcited by 3
- 2024FairREAD: Re-fusing Demographic Attributes after Disentanglement for Fair Medical Image Classificationcited by 3
- 2022Gradient Based Activations for Accurate Bias-Free Learningcited by 2
50 most cited of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2026StrokeTimer: Robust Representation Learning for Ischemic Stroke Onset-Time Estimation from Non-contrast CT3 Jun 2026
- 2026Privacy-Aware Video Anomaly Detection through Orthogonal Subspace Projection9 May 2026
- 2026People-Centred Medical Image Analysis via Fairness-Aware Human-AI Cooperation28 Apr 2026
- 2026Evaluating the Impact of Medical Image Reconstruction on Downstream AI Fairness and Performance13 Apr 2026
- 2026Investigating Data Interventions for Subgroup Fairness: An ICU Case Study3 Apr 2026
- 2026SHaSaM: Submodular Hard Sample Mining for Fair Facial Attribute Recognition5 Feb 2026
- 2025Localising Shortcut Learning in Pixel Space via Ordinal Scoring Correlations for Attribution Representations (OSCAR)21 Dec 2025
- 2025Representation Invariance and Allocation: When Subgroup Balance Matters10 Dec 2025
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detection13 Nov 2025
- 2025Fair Representation Learning with Controllable High Confidence Guarantees via Adversarial Inference23 Oct 2025
- 2025Toward Robust Medical Fairness: Debiased Dual-Modal Alignment via Text-Guided Attribute-Disentangled Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models26 Aug 2025
- 2025PASS: Private Attributes Protection with Stochastic Data Substitution8 Jun 2025
38 more
- 2025Fair Representation Learning for Continuous Sensitive Attributes using Expectation of Integral Probability Metrics9 May 2025
- 2025EagleVision: Object-level Attribute Multimodal LLM for Remote Sensing30 Mar 2025
- 2025Debiasing Diffusion Model: Enhancing Fairness through Latent Representation Learning in Stable Diffusion Model16 Mar 2025
- 2025CAD-VAE: Leveraging Correlation-Aware Latents for Comprehensive Fair Disentanglement11 Mar 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Search for Ethnic Minorities' Medical Segmentation Training Set5 Jan 2025
- 2024Constructing Fair Latent Space for Intersection of Fairness and Explainability23 Dec 2024
- 2024FairREAD: Re-fusing Demographic Attributes after Disentanglement for Fair Medical Image Classification20 Dec 2024
- 2024Rethinking Fair Representation Learning for Performance-Sensitive Tasks5 Oct 2024
- 2024Transferring disentangled representations: bridging the gap between synthetic and real images26 Sep 2024
- 2024Multi-Output Distributional Fairness via Post-Processing31 Aug 2024
- 2024Rethinking Disentanglement under Dependent Factors of Variation13 Aug 2024
- 2024Approximating Discrimination Within Models When Faced With Several Non-Binary Sensitive Attributes12 Aug 2024
- 2024On Biases in a UK Biobank-based Retinal Image Classification Model30 Jul 2024
- 2024FairDomain: Achieving Fairness in Cross-Domain Medical Image Segmentation and Classification11 Jul 2024
- 2024OxonFair: A Flexible Toolkit for Algorithmic Fairness30 Jun 2024
- 2024Achieving Fairness Across Local and Global Models in Federated Learning24 Jun 2024
- 2024Orthogonality and isotropy of speaker and phonetic information in self-supervised speech representations13 Jun 2024
- 2024Enhancing Size Generalization in Graph Neural Networks through Disentangled Representation Learning7 Jun 2024
- 2024Enhancing Fairness in Unsupervised Graph Anomaly Detection through Disentanglement3 Jun 2024
- 2024DeCoDEx: Confounder Detector Guidance for Improved Diffusion-based Counterfactual Explanations15 May 2024
- 2024FairCLIP: Harnessing Fairness in Vision-Language Learning29 Mar 2024
- 2024Privacy for Fairness: Information Obfuscation for Fair Representation Learning with Local Differential Privacy16 Feb 2024
- 2023FairSeg: A Large-Scale Medical Image Segmentation Dataset for Fairness Learning Using Segment Anything Model with Fair Error-Bound Scaling3 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning Fair Representations with High-Confidence Guarantees23 Oct 2023
- 2023FairTune: Optimizing Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning for Fairness in Medical Image Analysis8 Oct 2023
- 2023AI-based association analysis for medical imaging using latent-space geometric confounder correction3 Oct 2023
- 2023FairVision: Equitable Deep Learning for Eye Disease Screening via Fair Identity Scaling3 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Poisoning Fair Representations28 Sep 2023
- 2023Distributionally Robust Optimization and Invariant Representation Learning for Addressing Subgroup Underrepresentation: Mechanisms and Limitations12 Aug 2023
- 2023Elucidate Gender Fairness in Singing Voice Transcription5 Aug 2023
- 2023FAIRER: Fairness as Decision Rationale Alignment27 Jun 2023
- 2023Harvard Glaucoma Fairness: A Retinal Nerve Disease Dataset for Fairness Learning and Fair Identity Normalization15 Jun 2023
- 2023Fairness in AI and Its Long-Term Implications on Society16 Apr 2023
- 2023Fair-CDA: Continuous and Directional Augmentation for Group Fairness1 Apr 2023
- 2023Fairness meets Cross-Domain Learning: a new perspective on Models and Metrics25 Mar 2023
- 2023Distortion-Disentangled Contrastive Learning9 Mar 2023
- 2023Efficient fair PCA for fair representation learning26 Feb 2023
- 2023Disentangling Learning Representations with Density Estimation8 Feb 2023
50 newest of 76 All 76 (JSON)
- 2023Towards Poisoning Fair Representationscited by 3
- 2023Towards Poisoning Fair Representations28 Sep 2023
- 2022Bias Mitigation for Machine Learning Classifiers: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 125
- 2022Fairness in Graph Mining: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022Fair Contrastive Learning for Facial Attribute Classificationcited by 71
- 2024FairCLIP: Harnessing Fairness in Vision-Language Learningcited by 69
- 2022MEDFAIR: Benchmarking Fairness for Medical Imagingcited by 66
- 2022Fairness-aware Adversarial Perturbation Towards Bias Mitigation for Deployed Deep Modelscited by 47
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2021Discover the Unknown Biased Attribute of an Image Classifiercited by 46
- 2021Learning Disentangled Representations in the Imaging Domaincited by 46
- 2022Learning Fair Representation via Distributional Contrastive Disentanglementcited by 31
- 2023Harvard Glaucoma Fairness: A Retinal Nerve Disease Dataset for Fairness Learning and Fair Identity Normalizationcited by 31
- 2022Addressing Fairness Issues in Deep Learning-Based Medical Image Analysis: A Systematic Reviewcited by 27
12 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026StrokeTimer: Robust Representation Learning for Ischemic Stroke Onset-Time Estimation from Non-contrast CT3 Jun 2026
- 2026Privacy-Aware Video Anomaly Detection through Orthogonal Subspace Projection9 May 2026
- 2026People-Centred Medical Image Analysis via Fairness-Aware Human-AI Cooperation28 Apr 2026
- 2026Evaluating the Impact of Medical Image Reconstruction on Downstream AI Fairness and Performance13 Apr 2026
- 2026Investigating Data Interventions for Subgroup Fairness: An ICU Case Study3 Apr 2026
- 2026SHaSaM: Submodular Hard Sample Mining for Fair Facial Attribute Recognition5 Feb 2026
- 2025Localising Shortcut Learning in Pixel Space via Ordinal Scoring Correlations for Attribution Representations (OSCAR)21 Dec 2025
- 2025Representation Invariance and Allocation: When Subgroup Balance Matters10 Dec 2025
- 2025Decoupling Bias, Aligning Distributions: Synergistic Fairness Optimization for Deepfake Detection13 Nov 2025
- 2025Fair Representation Learning with Controllable High Confidence Guarantees via Adversarial Inference23 Oct 2025
- 2025PASS: Private Attributes Protection with Stochastic Data Substitution8 Jun 2025
- 2025Fair Representation Learning for Continuous Sensitive Attributes using Expectation of Integral Probability Metrics9 May 2025
12 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)