CMetric: A Driving Behavior Measure Using Centrality Functions
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a new measure, CMetric, to classify driver behaviors using centrality functions. Our formulation combines concepts from computational graph theory and social traffic psychology to quantify and classify the behavior of human drivers. CMetric is used to compute the probability of a vehicle executing a driving style, as well as the intensity used to execute the style. Our approach is designed for realtime autonomous driving applications, where the trajectory of each vehicle or road-agent is extracted from a video. We compute a dynamic geometric graph (DGG) based on the positions and proximity of the road-agents and centrality functions corresponding to closeness and degree. These functions are used to compute the CMetric based on style likelihood and style intensity estimates. Our approach is general and makes no assumption about traffic density, heterogeneity, or how driving behaviors change over time. We present an algorithm to compute CMetric and demonstrate its performance on real-world traffic datasets. To test the accuracy of CMetric, we introduce a new evaluation protocol (called "Time Deviation Error") that measures the difference between human prediction and the prediction made by CMetric.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 13 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 2; 2025: 4.
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- 2023Data-driven Traffic Simulation: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 29
- 2023BAT: Behavior-Aware Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 28
- 2022Robustness and Adaptability of Reinforcement Learning based Cooperative Autonomous Driving in Mixed-autonomy Trafficcited by 15
- 2022D2-TPred: Discontinuous Dependency for Trajectory Prediction under Traffic Lightscited by 10
- 2025Minds on the Move: Decoding Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving with Cognitive Insightscited by 10
- 2023Ego-Vehicle Action Recognition based on Semi-Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 8
- 2022Game-Theoretic Planning for Autonomous Driving among Risk-Aware Human Driverscited by 7
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Drivingcited by 6
- 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spacescited by 5
- 2023iPLAN: Intent-Aware Planning in Heterogeneous Traffic via Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2021Building Safer Autonomous Agents by Leveraging Risky Driving Behavior Knowledgecited by 4
- 2023SG-LSTM: Social Group LSTM for Robot Navigation Through Dense Crowdscited by 2
7 more
- 2023Decentralized Social Navigation with Non-Cooperative Robots via Bi-Level Optimizationcited by 2
- 2022Learning-based social coordination to improve safety and robustness of cooperative autonomous vehicles in mixed trafficcited by 1
- 2024Transfer-LMR: Heavy-Tail Driving Behavior Recognition in Diverse Traffic Scenarioscited by 1
- 2024Mix Q-learning for Lane Changing: A Collaborative Decision-Making Method in Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Prompt-Driven Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving via In-Context RLcited by 1
- 2025Towards Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Behavior-Centric Approachcited by 0
- 2025Are LLMs The Way Forward? A Case Study on LLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Decentralized Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Prompt-Driven Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving via In-Context RL16 Nov 2025
- 2025Are LLMs The Way Forward? A Case Study on LLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Decentralized Autonomous Driving16 Nov 2025
- 2025Towards Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Behavior-Centric Approach27 May 2025
- 2025Minds on the Move: Decoding Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving with Cognitive Insights27 Feb 2025
- 2024Mix Q-learning for Lane Changing: A Collaborative Decision-Making Method in Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning14 Jun 2024
- 2024Transfer-LMR: Heavy-Tail Driving Behavior Recognition in Diverse Traffic Scenarios8 May 2024
- 2023BAT: Behavior-Aware Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving11 Dec 2023
- 2023Data-driven Traffic Simulation: A Comprehensive Review24 Oct 2023
- 2023Decentralized Social Navigation with Non-Cooperative Robots via Bi-Level Optimization15 Jun 2023
- 2023iPLAN: Intent-Aware Planning in Heterogeneous Traffic via Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning9 Jun 2023
- 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spaces9 Mar 2023
- 2023SG-LSTM: Social Group LSTM for Robot Navigation Through Dense Crowds8 Mar 2023
7 more
- 2023Ego-Vehicle Action Recognition based on Semi-Supervised Contrastive Learning2 Mar 2023
- 2022Learning-based social coordination to improve safety and robustness of cooperative autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic22 Nov 2022
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving19 Nov 2022
- 2022D2-TPred: Discontinuous Dependency for Trajectory Prediction under Traffic Lights21 Jul 2022
- 2022Game-Theoretic Planning for Autonomous Driving among Risk-Aware Human Drivers1 May 2022
- 2022Robustness and Adaptability of Reinforcement Learning based Cooperative Autonomous Driving in Mixed-autonomy Traffic2 Feb 2022
- 2021Building Safer Autonomous Agents by Leveraging Risky Driving Behavior Knowledge16 Mar 2021
- 2022Robustness and Adaptability of Reinforcement Learning based Cooperative Autonomous Driving in Mixed-autonomy Trafficcited by 15
- 2022Game-Theoretic Planning for Autonomous Driving among Risk-Aware Human Driverscited by 7
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Drivingcited by 6
- 2021Building Safer Autonomous Agents by Leveraging Risky Driving Behavior Knowledgecited by 4
- 2022Learning-based social coordination to improve safety and robustness of cooperative autonomous vehicles in mixed trafficcited by 1
- 2025Prompt-Driven Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving via In-Context RLcited by 1
- 2025Are LLMs The Way Forward? A Case Study on LLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Decentralized Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Prompt-Driven Domain Adaptation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving via In-Context RL16 Nov 2025
- 2025Are LLMs The Way Forward? A Case Study on LLM-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Decentralized Autonomous Driving16 Nov 2025
- 2022Learning-based social coordination to improve safety and robustness of cooperative autonomous vehicles in mixed traffic22 Nov 2022
- 2022Prediction-aware and Reinforcement Learning based Altruistic Cooperative Driving19 Nov 2022
- 2022Game-Theoretic Planning for Autonomous Driving among Risk-Aware Human Drivers1 May 2022
- 2022Robustness and Adaptability of Reinforcement Learning based Cooperative Autonomous Driving in Mixed-autonomy Traffic2 Feb 2022
- 2021Building Safer Autonomous Agents by Leveraging Risky Driving Behavior Knowledge16 Mar 2021
- 2023Data-driven Traffic Simulation: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 29
- 2023BAT: Behavior-Aware Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 28
- 2022D2-TPred: Discontinuous Dependency for Trajectory Prediction under Traffic Lightscited by 10
- 2025Minds on the Move: Decoding Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving with Cognitive Insightscited by 10
- 2023Ego-Vehicle Action Recognition based on Semi-Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 8
- 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spacescited by 5
- 2023iPLAN: Intent-Aware Planning in Heterogeneous Traffic via Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2023SG-LSTM: Social Group LSTM for Robot Navigation Through Dense Crowdscited by 2
- 2023Decentralized Social Navigation with Non-Cooperative Robots via Bi-Level Optimizationcited by 2
- 2024Transfer-LMR: Heavy-Tail Driving Behavior Recognition in Diverse Traffic Scenarioscited by 1
- 2024Mix Q-learning for Lane Changing: A Collaborative Decision-Making Method in Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Towards Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Behavior-Centric Approachcited by 0
- 2025Towards Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving: A Behavior-Centric Approach27 May 2025
- 2025Minds on the Move: Decoding Trajectory Prediction in Autonomous Driving with Cognitive Insights27 Feb 2025
- 2024Mix Q-learning for Lane Changing: A Collaborative Decision-Making Method in Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning14 Jun 2024
- 2024Transfer-LMR: Heavy-Tail Driving Behavior Recognition in Diverse Traffic Scenarios8 May 2024
- 2023BAT: Behavior-Aware Human-Like Trajectory Prediction for Autonomous Driving11 Dec 2023
- 2023Data-driven Traffic Simulation: A Comprehensive Review24 Oct 2023
- 2023Decentralized Social Navigation with Non-Cooperative Robots via Bi-Level Optimization15 Jun 2023
- 2023iPLAN: Intent-Aware Planning in Heterogeneous Traffic via Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning9 Jun 2023
- 2023SOCIALGYM 2.0: Simulator for Multi-Agent Social Robot Navigation in Shared Human Spaces9 Mar 2023
- 2023SG-LSTM: Social Group LSTM for Robot Navigation Through Dense Crowds8 Mar 2023
- 2023Ego-Vehicle Action Recognition based on Semi-Supervised Contrastive Learning2 Mar 2023
- 2022D2-TPred: Discontinuous Dependency for Trajectory Prediction under Traffic Lights21 Jul 2022