EdNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Dataset in Education
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Abstract (arXiv)
With advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) and the ever-growing scale of Interactive Educational Systems (IESs), data-driven approach has become a common recipe for various tasks such as knowledge tracing and learning path recommendation. Unfortunately, collecting real students' interaction data is often challenging, which results in the lack of public large-scale benchmark dataset reflecting a wide variety of student behaviors in modern IESs. Although several datasets, such as ASSISTments, Junyi Academy, Synthetic and STATICS, are publicly available and widely used, they are not large enough to leverage the full potential of state-of-the-art data-driven models and limits the recorded behaviors to question-solving activities. To this end, we introduce EdNet, a large-scale hierarchical dataset of diverse student activities collected by Santa, a multi-platform self-study solution equipped with artificial intelligence tutoring system. EdNet contains 131,441,538 interactions from 784,309 students collected over more than 2 years, which is the largest among the ITS datasets released to the public so far. Unlike existing datasets, EdNet provides a wide variety of student actions ranging from question-solving to lecture consumption and item purchasing. Also, EdNet has a hierarchical structure where the student actions are divided into 4 different levels of abstractions. The features of EdNet are domain-agnostic, allowing EdNet to be extended to different domains easily. The dataset is publicly released under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license for research purposes. We plan to host challenges in multiple AIEd tasks with EdNet to provide a common ground for the fair comparison between different state of the art models and encourage the development of practical and effective methods.
Key facts. Cited by 106 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 13; 2023: 12; 2024: 16; 2025: 21; 2026: 21.
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- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
- 2024EduAgent: Generative Student Agents in Learningcited by 41
- 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applicationscited by 29
- 2021BOBCAT: Bilevel Optimization-Based Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 22
- 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracingcited by 17
- 2022Code-DKT: A Code-based Knowledge Tracing Model for Programming Taskscited by 16
- 2024Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systemscited by 15
- 2024FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applicationscited by 15
- 2025Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulationcited by 15
- 2025Uni-Retrieval: A Multi-Style Retrieval Framework for STEM's Educationcited by 13
- 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
- 2022On Label Granularity and Object Localizationcited by 12
38 more
- 2025Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Biascited by 12
- 2021Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
- 2023MoocRadar: A Fine-grained and Multi-aspect Knowledge Repository for Improving Cognitive Student Modeling in MOOCscited by 11
- 2024Automated Knowledge Concept Annotation and Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
- 2021PEEK: A Large Dataset of Learner Engagement with Educational Videoscited by 9
- 2022DGEKT: A Dual Graph Ensemble Learning Method for Knowledge Tracingcited by 9
- 2022No Task Left Behind: Multi-Task Learning of Knowledge Tracing and Option Tracing for Better Student Assessmentcited by 8
- 2023Difficulty-Focused Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Tracing with a Large Language Model-Based Difficulty Predictioncited by 8
- 2022MonaCoBERT: Monotonic attention based ConvBERT for Knowledge Tracingcited by 7
- 2022HiTSKT: A Hierarchical Transformer Model for Session-Aware Knowledge Tracingcited by 7
- 2021Could AI Democratise Education? Socio-Technical Imaginaries of an EdTech Revolutioncited by 6
- 2021Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Knowledge Tracing: Of Hyperparameters and Metrics on Performance and Replicabilitycited by 6
- 2024Survey of Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Machine Learning Perspectivecited by 6
- 2025SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Realitycited by 6
- 2021LSTM-SAKT: LSTM-Encoded SAKT-like Transformer for Knowledge Tracingcited by 5
- 2021Last Query Transformer RNN for knowledge tracingcited by 5
- 2022DBE-KT22: A Knowledge Tracing Dataset Based on Online Student Evaluationcited by 5
- 2023Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing for Assessing Students' Dynamic Mastery of Knowledge Conceptscited by 5
- 2023Do We Fully Understand Students' Knowledge States? Identifying and Mitigating Answer Bias in Knowledge Tracingcited by 5
- 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 5
- 2024Time Series Analysis for Education: Methods, Applications, and Future Directionscited by 5
- 2025Automated Identification of Logical Errors in Programs: Advancing Scalable Analysis of Student Misconceptionscited by 5
- 2025Simulating Students with Large Language Models: A Review of Architecture, Mechanisms, and Role Modelling in Education with Generative AIcited by 5
- 2021Do we need to go Deep? Knowledge Tracing with Big Datacited by 4
- 2021Riiid! Answer Correctness Prediction Kaggle Challenge: 4th Place Solution Summarycited by 4
- 2021LANA: Towards Personalized Deep Knowledge Tracing Through Distinguishable Interactive Sequencescited by 4
- 2024A Review of Data Mining in Personalized Education: Current Trends and Future Prospectscited by 4
- 2025DKT2: Revisiting Applicable and Comprehensive Knowledge Tracing in Large-Scale Datacited by 4
- 2025Personalized Exercise Recommendation with Semantically-Grounded Knowledge Tracingcited by 4
- 2025Pattern-based Knowledge Component Extraction from Student Code Using Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2025Next Token Knowledge Tracing: Exploiting Pretrained LLM Representations to Decode Student Behaviourcited by 4
- 2026FoundationalASSIST: An Educational Dataset for Foundational Knowledge Tracing and Pedagogical Grounding of LLMscited by 4
- 2021On the Interpretability of Deep Learning Based Models for Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
- 2021MUSE: Multi-Scale Temporal Features Evolution for Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
- 2021RLTutor: Reinforcement Learning Based Adaptive Tutoring System by Modeling Virtual Student with Fewer Interactionscited by 3
- 2022GPT-based Open-Ended Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
- 2022GRAM: Fast Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Language Models for Content-based Collaborative Filteringcited by 3
- 2023Evolutionary Neural Architecture Search for Transformer in Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
50 most cited of 106 All 106 (JSON)
- 2026Stable and Faithful Explanations for Knowledge Tracing15 Sep 2026
- 2026Simulating Disengaged Students to Evaluate LLM-based Tutors11 Sep 2026
- 2026One Mastery Threshold Does Not Fit All Knowledge Tracing Models8 Sep 2026
- 2026PEARL: A Task-Aware Framework for Evaluating Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data8 Sep 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Heterogeneous Multi-LLM Federated Inference for Cognitive Diagnosis1 Sep 2026
- 2026Reproducible macroscopic dynamics in a closed-loop human-AI learning system31 Aug 2026
- 2026Study-Strategy Clusters from EdNet Logs Track Engagement, Not Mastery17 Aug 2026
- 2026UNVaMP: Neural Knowledge Tracing with Variational Regularization of Latent Knowledge Dynamics4 Aug 2026
- 2026RankCert: When Can Simulated Learners Safely Select an AI Tutor? Robust Decision Certification Under Structural Uncertainty2 Aug 2026
- 2026Gurukul AI: An Interactive AI-Driven Educational Platform for Indian Education System18 Jul 2026
- 2026Disentangling Knowledge States with Ability and Proficiency Modeling for Knowledge Tracing14 Jul 2026
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Retrieval-based Priors for Adaptive Computational Teaching in Driving23 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026BuddyBench: A Privacy-Constrained Multi-Task Benchmark for Pediatric Social-Communication Personalization27 May 2026
- 2026Are Agents Ready to Teach? A Multi-Stage Benchmark for Real-World Teaching Workflows14 May 2026
- 2026MBP-KT: Learning Global Collaborative Information from Meta-Behavioral Pattern for Enhanced Knowledge Tracing9 May 2026
- 2026Temporal Smoothness Doubly Robust Learning for Debiased Knowledge Tracing7 May 2026
- 2026ConceptKT: A Benchmark for Concept-Level Deficiency Prediction in Knowledge Tracing25 Mar 2026
- 2026HACHIMI: Scalable and Controllable Student Persona Generation via Orchestrated Agents5 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards LLM-Empowered Knowledge Tracing via LLM-Student Hierarchical Behavior Alignment in Hyperbolic Space26 Feb 2026
- 2026Using LLMs for Knowledge Component-level Correctness Labeling in Open-ended Coding Problems19 Feb 2026
- 2026FoundationalASSIST: An Educational Dataset for Foundational Knowledge Tracing and Pedagogical Grounding of LLMs20 Jan 2026
- 2025Dual-Stream Cross-Modal Representation Learning via Residual Semantic Decorrelation8 Dec 2025
- 2025FlatFormer: A Flat Transformer Knowledge Tracing Model Based on Cognitive Bias Injection7 Dec 2025
- 2025Tracing Mathematical Proficiency Through Problem-Solving Processes29 Nov 2025
- 2025CleverBirds: A Multiple-Choice Benchmark for Fine-grained Human Knowledge Tracing11 Nov 2025
- 2025Simulating Students with Large Language Models: A Review of Architecture, Mechanisms, and Role Modelling in Education with Generative AI8 Nov 2025
- 2025Next Token Knowledge Tracing: Exploiting Pretrained LLM Representations to Decode Student Behaviour4 Nov 2025
- 2025Enhancing Knowledge Tracing through Leakage-Free and Recency-Aware Embeddings23 Aug 2025
- 2025Representation Learning of Auxiliary Concepts for Improved Student Modeling and Exercise Recommendation22 Aug 2025
- 2025Pattern-based Knowledge Component Extraction from Student Code Using Representation Learning12 Aug 2025
- 2025Efficient Knowledge Tracing Leveraging Higher-Order Information in Integrated Graphs24 Jul 2025
- 2025Personalized Exercise Recommendation with Semantically-Grounded Knowledge Tracing15 Jul 2025
- 2025MathEDU: Feedback Generation on Problem-Solving Processes for Mathematical Learning Support23 May 2025
- 2025Personalized Student Knowledge Modeling for Future Learning Resource Prediction20 May 2025
- 2025Automated Identification of Logical Errors in Programs: Advancing Scalable Analysis of Student Misconceptions16 May 2025
- 2025Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Bias4 Mar 2025
- 2025AAKT: Enhancing Knowledge Tracing with Alternate Autoregressive Modeling17 Feb 2025
- 2025Uni-Retrieval: A Multi-Style Retrieval Framework for STEM's Education9 Feb 2025
- 2025Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulation4 Feb 2025
- 2025DKT2: Revisiting Applicable and Comprehensive Knowledge Tracing in Large-Scale Data24 Jan 2025
- 2025SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Reality19 Jan 2025
- 2025Sparse Binary Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracing17 Jan 2025
- 2024Not All Options Are Created Equal: Textual Option Weighting for Token-Efficient LLM-Based Knowledge Tracing14 Oct 2024
- 2024Automated Knowledge Concept Annotation and Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracing2 Oct 2024
- 2024Time Series Analysis for Education: Methods, Applications, and Future Directions25 Aug 2024
- 2024Enhancing Knowledge Tracing with Concept Map and Response Disentanglement23 Aug 2024
- 2024FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applications26 Jul 2024
- 2024Dual-State Personalized Knowledge Tracing with Emotional Incorporation27 May 2024
- 2024Integrating LSTM and BERT for Long-Sequence Data Analysis in Intelligent Tutoring Systems24 Apr 2024
- 2024Personalized Forgetting Mechanism with Concept-Driven Knowledge Tracing18 Apr 2024
50 newest of 106 All 106 (JSON)
- 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
- 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applicationscited by 29
- 2021BOBCAT: Bilevel Optimization-Based Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 22
- 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracingcited by 17
- 2022Code-DKT: A Code-based Knowledge Tracing Model for Programming Taskscited by 16
- 2024Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systemscited by 15
- 2024FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applicationscited by 15
- 2025Uni-Retrieval: A Multi-Style Retrieval Framework for STEM's Educationcited by 13
- 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
- 2022On Label Granularity and Object Localizationcited by 12
- 2025Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Biascited by 12
- 2021Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
12 most cited of 102 All 102 (JSON)
- 2026Stable and Faithful Explanations for Knowledge Tracing15 Sep 2026
- 2026Simulating Disengaged Students to Evaluate LLM-based Tutors11 Sep 2026
- 2026One Mastery Threshold Does Not Fit All Knowledge Tracing Models8 Sep 2026
- 2026PEARL: A Task-Aware Framework for Evaluating Differentially Private Synthetic Educational Data8 Sep 2026
- 2026Privacy-Preserving Heterogeneous Multi-LLM Federated Inference for Cognitive Diagnosis1 Sep 2026
- 2026Reproducible macroscopic dynamics in a closed-loop human-AI learning system31 Aug 2026
- 2026Study-Strategy Clusters from EdNet Logs Track Engagement, Not Mastery17 Aug 2026
- 2026UNVaMP: Neural Knowledge Tracing with Variational Regularization of Latent Knowledge Dynamics4 Aug 2026
- 2026RankCert: When Can Simulated Learners Safely Select an AI Tutor? Robust Decision Certification Under Structural Uncertainty2 Aug 2026
- 2026Gurukul AI: An Interactive AI-Driven Educational Platform for Indian Education System18 Jul 2026
- 2026Disentangling Knowledge States with Ability and Proficiency Modeling for Knowledge Tracing14 Jul 2026
- 2026BuddyBench: A Privacy-Constrained Multi-Task Benchmark for Pediatric Social-Communication Personalization27 May 2026
12 newest of 102 All 102 (JSON)