mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

EdNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Dataset in Education

arXiv 1912.03072 ↗First posted 6 Dec 2019cs.CY cs.AI cs.HCcited by 106

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

With advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd) and the ever-growing scale of Interactive Educational Systems (IESs), data-driven approach has become a common recipe for various tasks such as knowledge tracing and learning path recommendation. Unfortunately, collecting real students' interaction data is often challenging, which results in the lack of public large-scale benchmark dataset reflecting a wide variety of student behaviors in modern IESs. Although several datasets, such as ASSISTments, Junyi Academy, Synthetic and STATICS, are publicly available and widely used, they are not large enough to leverage the full potential of state-of-the-art data-driven models and limits the recorded behaviors to question-solving activities. To this end, we introduce EdNet, a large-scale hierarchical dataset of diverse student activities collected by Santa, a multi-platform self-study solution equipped with artificial intelligence tutoring system. EdNet contains 131,441,538 interactions from 784,309 students collected over more than 2 years, which is the largest among the ITS datasets released to the public so far. Unlike existing datasets, EdNet provides a wide variety of student actions ranging from question-solving to lecture consumption and item purchasing. Also, EdNet has a hierarchical structure where the student actions are divided into 4 different levels of abstractions. The features of EdNet are domain-agnostic, allowing EdNet to be extended to different domains easily. The dataset is publicly released under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license for research purposes. We plan to host challenges in multiple AIEd tasks with EdNet to provide a common ground for the fair comparison between different state of the art models and encourage the development of practical and effective methods.

Key facts. Cited by 106 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 23; 2022: 13; 2023: 12; 2024: 16; 2025: 21; 2026: 21.

106 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2022Knowledge Tracing: A Surveycited by 76
  2. 2024EduAgent: Generative Student Agents in Learningcited by 41
  3. 2021A Survey of Knowledge Tracing: Models, Variants, and Applicationscited by 29
  4. 2021BOBCAT: Bilevel Optimization-Based Computerized Adaptive Testingcited by 22
  5. 2021Deep Graph Memory Networks for Forgetting-Robust Knowledge Tracingcited by 17
  6. 2022Code-DKT: A Code-based Knowledge Tracing Model for Programming Taskscited by 16
  7. 2024Inductive Cognitive Diagnosis for Fast Student Learning in Web-Based Online Intelligent Education Systemscited by 15
  8. 2024FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applicationscited by 15
  9. 2025Classroom Simulacra: Building Contextual Student Generative Agents in Online Education for Learning Behavioral Simulationcited by 15
  10. 2025Uni-Retrieval: A Multi-Style Retrieval Framework for STEM's Educationcited by 13
  11. 2021Multi-Factors Aware Dual-Attentional Knowledge Tracingcited by 12
  12. 2022On Label Granularity and Object Localizationcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2025Disentangled Knowledge Tracing for Alleviating Cognitive Biascited by 12
  2. 2021Option Tracing: Beyond Correctness Analysis in Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
  3. 2023MoocRadar: A Fine-grained and Multi-aspect Knowledge Repository for Improving Cognitive Student Modeling in MOOCscited by 11
  4. 2024Automated Knowledge Concept Annotation and Question Representation Learning for Knowledge Tracingcited by 11
  5. 2021PEEK: A Large Dataset of Learner Engagement with Educational Videoscited by 9
  6. 2022DGEKT: A Dual Graph Ensemble Learning Method for Knowledge Tracingcited by 9
  7. 2022No Task Left Behind: Multi-Task Learning of Knowledge Tracing and Option Tracing for Better Student Assessmentcited by 8
  8. 2023Difficulty-Focused Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Tracing with a Large Language Model-Based Difficulty Predictioncited by 8
  9. 2022MonaCoBERT: Monotonic attention based ConvBERT for Knowledge Tracingcited by 7
  10. 2022HiTSKT: A Hierarchical Transformer Model for Session-Aware Knowledge Tracingcited by 7
  11. 2021Could AI Democratise Education? Socio-Technical Imaginaries of an EdTech Revolutioncited by 6
  12. 2021Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Knowledge Tracing: Of Hyperparameters and Metrics on Performance and Replicabilitycited by 6
  13. 2024Survey of Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Machine Learning Perspectivecited by 6
  14. 2025SMARTe-VR: Student Monitoring and Adaptive Response Technology for e-Learning in Virtual Realitycited by 6
  15. 2021LSTM-SAKT: LSTM-Encoded SAKT-like Transformer for Knowledge Tracingcited by 5
  16. 2021Last Query Transformer RNN for knowledge tracingcited by 5
  17. 2022DBE-KT22: A Knowledge Tracing Dataset Based on Online Student Evaluationcited by 5
  18. 2023Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing for Assessing Students' Dynamic Mastery of Knowledge Conceptscited by 5
  19. 2023Do We Fully Understand Students' Knowledge States? Identifying and Mitigating Answer Bias in Knowledge Tracingcited by 5
  20. 2024A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Modelscited by 5
  21. 2024Time Series Analysis for Education: Methods, Applications, and Future Directionscited by 5
  22. 2025Automated Identification of Logical Errors in Programs: Advancing Scalable Analysis of Student Misconceptionscited by 5
  23. 2025Simulating Students with Large Language Models: A Review of Architecture, Mechanisms, and Role Modelling in Education with Generative AIcited by 5
  24. 2021Do we need to go Deep? Knowledge Tracing with Big Datacited by 4
  25. 2021Riiid! Answer Correctness Prediction Kaggle Challenge: 4th Place Solution Summarycited by 4
  26. 2021LANA: Towards Personalized Deep Knowledge Tracing Through Distinguishable Interactive Sequencescited by 4
  27. 2024A Review of Data Mining in Personalized Education: Current Trends and Future Prospectscited by 4
  28. 2025DKT2: Revisiting Applicable and Comprehensive Knowledge Tracing in Large-Scale Datacited by 4
  29. 2025Personalized Exercise Recommendation with Semantically-Grounded Knowledge Tracingcited by 4
  30. 2025Pattern-based Knowledge Component Extraction from Student Code Using Representation Learningcited by 4
  31. 2025Next Token Knowledge Tracing: Exploiting Pretrained LLM Representations to Decode Student Behaviourcited by 4
  32. 2026FoundationalASSIST: An Educational Dataset for Foundational Knowledge Tracing and Pedagogical Grounding of LLMscited by 4
  33. 2021On the Interpretability of Deep Learning Based Models for Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
  34. 2021MUSE: Multi-Scale Temporal Features Evolution for Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
  35. 2021RLTutor: Reinforcement Learning Based Adaptive Tutoring System by Modeling Virtual Student with Fewer Interactionscited by 3
  36. 2022GPT-based Open-Ended Knowledge Tracingcited by 3
  37. 2022GRAM: Fast Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Language Models for Content-based Collaborative Filteringcited by 3
  38. 2023Evolutionary Neural Architecture Search for Transformer in Knowledge Tracingcited by 3

50 most cited of 106 All 106 (JSON)