mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

ReFinED: An Efficient Zero-shot-capable Approach to End-to-End Entity Linking

arXiv 2207.04108 ↗First posted 8 Jul 2022cs.CLcited by 74

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce ReFinED, an efficient end-to-end entity linking model which uses fine-grained entity types and entity descriptions to perform linking. The model performs mention detection, fine-grained entity typing, and entity disambiguation for all mentions within a document in a single forward pass, making it more than 60 times faster than competitive existing approaches. ReFinED also surpasses state-of-the-art performance on standard entity linking datasets by an average of 3.7 F1. The model is capable of generalising to large-scale knowledge bases such as Wikidata (which has 15 times more entities than Wikipedia) and of zero-shot entity linking. The combination of speed, accuracy and scale makes ReFinED an effective and cost-efficient system for extracting entities from web-scale datasets, for which the model has been successfully deployed. Our code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/alexa/ReFinED

Key facts. Cited by 74 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Jul 2022.

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26 of 46 references.

References · 26

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  4. 2019HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processingcited by 2,201
  5. 2020Autoregressive Entity Retrievalcited by 333
  6. 2019Matching the Blanks: Distributional Similarity for Relation Learningcited by 271
  7. 2019Zero-Shot Entity Linking by Reading Entity Descriptionscited by 124
  8. 2018End-to-End Neural Entity Linkingcited by 85
  9. 2017Deep Joint Entity Disambiguation with Local Neural Attentioncited by 79
  10. 2020Efficient One-Pass End-to-End Entity Linking for Questionscited by 76
  11. 2020REL: An Entity Linker Standing on the Shoulders of Giantscited by 61
  12. 2020Machine Knowledge: Creation and Curation of Comprehensive Knowledge Basescited by 55
14 more
  1. 2018Improving Entity Linking by Modeling Latent Relations between Mentionscited by 53
  2. 2020Investigating Entity Knowledge in BERT with Simple Neural End-To-End Entity Linkingcited by 49
  3. 2018DeepType: Multilingual Entity Linking by Neural Type System Evolutioncited by 41
  4. 2019Fine-Grained Entity Typing for Domain Independent Entity Linkingcited by 36
  5. 2019Joint Entity Linking with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 27
  6. 2017Named Entity Disambiguation for Noisy Textcited by 24
  7. 2020Bootleg: Chasing the Tail with Self-Supervised Named Entity Disambiguationcited by 24
  8. 2020Evaluating the Impact of Knowledge Graph Context on Entity Disambiguation Modelscited by 22
  9. 2014Analysis of Named Entity Recognition and Linking for Tweetscited by 20
  10. 2019Learning Dynamic Context Augmentation for Global Entity Linkingcited by 19
  11. 2020Empirical Evaluation of Pretraining Strategies for Supervised Entity Linkingcited by 17
  12. 2018Collective Entity Disambiguation with Structured Gradient Tree Boostingcited by 16
  13. 2019OpenTapioca: Lightweight Entity Linking for Wikidatacited by 14
  14. 2021Robustness Evaluation of Entity Disambiguation Using Prior Probes:the Case of Entity Overshadowingcited by 11

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 23; 2024: 22; 2025: 17; 2026: 10.

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  1. 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmapcited by 663
  2. 2023Grammar-Constrained Decoding for Structured NLP Tasks without Finetuningcited by 186
  3. 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
  4. 2023Knowledge-Augmented Language Model Prompting for Zero-Shot Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 119
  5. 2024SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questionscited by 27
  6. 2024LLMAEL: Large Language Models are Good Context Augmenters for Entity Linkingcited by 19
  7. 2023Instructed Language Models with Retrievers Are Powerful Entity Linkerscited by 18
  8. 2024OneGen: Efficient One-Pass Unified Generation and Retrieval for LLMscited by 14
  9. 2024EWEK-QA: Enhanced Web and Efficient Knowledge Graph Retrieval for Citation-based Question Answering Systemscited by 13
  10. 2024Right for Right Reasons: Large Language Models for Verifiable Commonsense Knowledge Graph Question Answeringcited by 11
  11. 2022Efficient Nearest Neighbor Search for Cross-Encoder Models using Matrix Factorizationcited by 10
  12. 2024OneNet: A Fine-Tuning Free Framework for Few-Shot Entity Linking via Large Language Model Promptingcited by 9
38 more
  1. 2023WebIE: Faithful and Robust Information Extraction on the Webcited by 8
  2. 2023AMELI: Enhancing Multimodal Entity Linking with Fine-Grained Attributescited by 8
  3. 2023Multilingual End to End Entity Linkingcited by 8
  4. 2024ChatEL: Entity Linking with Chatbotscited by 8
  5. 2023Reveal the Unknown: Out-of-Knowledge-Base Mention Discovery with Entity Linkingcited by 7
  6. 2023Improving Toponym Resolution with Better Candidate Generation, Transformer-based Reranking, and Two-Stage Resolutioncited by 7
  7. 2023μPLAN: Summarizing using a Content Plan as Cross-Lingual Bridgecited by 7
  8. 2023Bidirectional End-to-End Learning of Retriever-Reader Paradigm for Entity Linkingcited by 7
  9. 2024Entity Linking in the Job Market Domaincited by 7
  10. 2024RACOON: An LLM-based Framework for Retrieval-Augmented Column Type Annotation with a Knowledge Graphcited by 7
  11. 2024EntGPT: Entity Linking with Generative Large Language Modelscited by 6
  12. 2024Large language models as oracles for instantiating ontologies with domain-specific knowledgecited by 6
  13. 2026LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptationcited by 6
  14. 2023KAER: A Knowledge Augmented Pre-Trained Language Model for Entity Resolutioncited by 5
  15. 2023NASTyLinker: NIL-Aware Scalable Transformer-based Entity Linkercited by 5
  16. 2024Newswire: A Large-Scale Structured Database of a Century of Historical Newscited by 5
  17. 2025Verifying Cross-modal Entity Consistency in News using Vision-language Modelscited by 5
  18. 2025Evaluating Design Decisions for Dual Encoder-based Entity Disambiguationcited by 5
  19. 2025Social Bias in Popular Question-Answering Benchmarkscited by 5
  20. 2022SumREN: Summarizing Reported Speech about Events in Newscited by 4
  21. 2024SNOBERT: A Benchmark for clinical notes entity linking in the SNOMED CT clinical terminologycited by 4
  22. 2025Knowledge Graphs for Enhancing Large Language Models in Entity Disambiguationcited by 4
  23. 2023IDTraffickers: An Authorship Attribution Dataset to link and connect Potential Human-Trafficking Operations on Text Escort Advertisementscited by 3
  24. 2023Coherent Entity Disambiguation via Modeling Topic and Categorical Dependencycited by 3
  25. 2024Contrastive Entity Coreference and Disambiguation for Historical Textscited by 3
  26. 2023Polar Ducks and Where to Find Them: Enhancing Entity Linking with Duck Typing and Polar Box Embeddingscited by 2
  27. 2023Fine-tuned LLMs Know More, Hallucinate Less with Few-Shot Sequence-to-Sequence Semantic Parsing over Wikidatacited by 2
  28. 2023A Fair and In-Depth Evaluation of Existing End-to-End Entity Linking Systemscited by 2
  29. 2023Identifying and Consolidating Knowledge Engineering Requirementscited by 2
  30. 2023Biomedical Entity Linking with Triple-aware Pre-Trainingcited by 2
  31. 2024HINTs: Sensemaking on large collections of documents with Hypergraph visualization and INTelligent agentscited by 2
  32. 2024Span-Oriented Information Extraction -- A Unifying Perspective on Information Extractioncited by 2
  33. 2024REXEL: An End-to-end Model for Document-Level Relation Extraction and Entity Linkingcited by 2
  34. 2025Musical Heritage Historical Entity Linkingcited by 2
  35. 2025Know3-RAG: A Knowledge-aware RAG Framework with Adaptive Retrieval, Generation, and Filteringcited by 2
  36. 2025Improving Factuality for Dialogue Response Generation via Graph-Based Knowledge Augmentationcited by 2
  37. 2025Trusted Knowledge Extraction for Operations and Maintenance Intelligencecited by 2
  38. 2025An Entity Linking Agent for Question Answeringcited by 2

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