mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

FairSearch: A Tool For Fairness in Ranked Search Results

arXiv 1905.13134 ↗First posted 27 May 2019cs.IRcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

Ranked search results and recommendations have become the main mechanism by which we find content, products, places, and people online. With hiring, selecting, purchasing, and dating being increasingly mediated by algorithms, rankings may determine career and business opportunities, educational placement, access to benefits, and even social and reproductive success. It is therefore of societal and ethical importance to ask whether search results can demote, marginalize, or exclude individuals of unprivileged groups or promote products with undesired features. In this paper we present FairSearch, the first fair open source search API to provide fairness notions in ranked search results. We implement two algorithms from the fair ranking literature, namely FA*IR (Zehlike et al., 2017) and DELTR (Zehlike and Castillo, 2018) and provide them as stand-alone libraries in Python and Java. Additionally we implement interfaces to Elasticsearch for both algorithms, that use the aforementioned Java libraries and are then provided as Elasticsearch plugins. Elasticsearch is a well-known search engine API based on Apache Lucene. With our plugins we enable search engine developers who wish to ensure fair search results of different styles to easily integrate DELTR and FA*IR into their existing Elasticsearch environment.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 27 May 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 8; 2023: 3.

22 papers.

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  1. 2021User-oriented Fairness in Recommendationcited by 75
  2. 2021Personalized Counterfactual Fairness in Recommendationcited by 38
  3. 2021Two-sided fairness in rankings via Lorenz dominancecited by 28
  4. 2021Fairness in Ranking under Uncertaintycited by 27
  5. 2021When Fair Ranking Meets Uncertain Inferencecited by 22
  6. 2021Strategic Rankingcited by 21
  7. 2022Fair ranking: a critical review, challenges, and future directionscited by 21
  8. 2022Experiments on Generalizability of User-Oriented Fairness in Recommender Systemscited by 13
  9. 2022Fair Ranking as Fair Division: Impact-Based Individual Fairness in Rankingcited by 13
  10. 2021Fairness Through Regularization for Learning to Rankcited by 8
  11. 2021Individually Fair Rankingcited by 7
  12. 2021Identifying Biased Subgroups in Ranking and Classificationcited by 6
10 more
  1. 2022Fair Group-Shared Representations with Normalizing Flowscited by 5
  2. 2022Subverting Fair Image Search with Generative Adversarial Perturbationscited by 5
  3. 2022Fast online ranking with fairness of exposurecited by 5
  4. 2023Maximizing Submodular Functions for Recommendation in the Presence of Biasescited by 5
  5. 2021A Ranking Approach to Fair Classificationcited by 4
  6. 2022Fair Interpretable Representation Learning with Correction Vectorscited by 3
  7. 2023Sampling Individually-Fair Rankings that are Always Group Faircited by 2
  8. 2021Calibrating Explore-Exploit Trade-off for Fair Online Learning to Rankcited by 1
  9. 2022The Right Tool for the Job: Open-Source Auditing Tools in Machine Learningcited by 1
  10. 2023Managing multi-facet bias in collaborative filtering recommender systemscited by 0