Style Transfer by Relaxed Optimal Transport and Self-Similarity
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Abstract (arXiv)
Style transfer algorithms strive to render the content of one image using the style of another. We propose Style Transfer by Relaxed Optimal Transport and Self-Similarity (STROTSS), a new optimization-based style transfer algorithm. We extend our method to allow user-specified point-to-point or region-to-region control over visual similarity between the style image and the output. Such guidance can be used to either achieve a particular visual effect or correct errors made by unconstrained style transfer. In order to quantitatively compare our method to prior work, we conduct a large-scale user study designed to assess the style-content tradeoff across settings in style transfer algorithms. Our results indicate that for any desired level of content preservation, our method provides higher quality stylization than prior work. Code is available at https://github.com/nkolkin13/STROTSS
Key facts. Cited by 168 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 37; 2023: 46; 2024: 27; 2025: 22; 2026: 9.
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- 2022Imagic: Text-Based Real Image Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 1,178
- 2022Plug-and-Play Diffusion Features for Text-Driven Image-to-Image Translationcited by 906
- 2024Lumiere: A Space-Time Diffusion Model for Video Generationcited by 455
- 2023TokenFlow: Consistent Diffusion Features for Consistent Video Editingcited by 442
- 2021Text2Mesh: Text-Driven Neural Stylization for Meshescited by 334
- 2022Text2LIVE: Text-Driven Layered Image and Video Editingcited by 312
- 2022Inversion-Based Style Transfer with Diffusion Modelscited by 291
- 2021More Control for Free! Image Synthesis with Semantic Diffusion Guidancecited by 212
- 2022Splicing ViT Features for Semantic Appearance Transfercited by 209
- 2022Diffusion-based Image Translation using Disentangled Style and Content Representationcited by 149
- 2022ARF: Artistic Radiance Fieldscited by 147
- 2021Layered Neural Atlases for Consistent Video Editingcited by 137
38 more
- 2023Cross-Image Attention for Zero-Shot Appearance Transfercited by 136
- 2022NeRF-Art: Text-Driven Neural Radiance Fields Stylizationcited by 126
- 2022Domain Enhanced Arbitrary Image Style Transfer via Contrastive Learningcited by 93
- 2024DEADiff: An Efficient Stylization Diffusion Model with Disentangled Representationscited by 68
- 2021LCDNet: Deep Loop Closure Detection and Point Cloud Registration for LiDAR SLAMcited by 67
- 2021The Spatially-Correlative Loss for Various Image Translation Taskscited by 66
- 2021Paint Transformer: Feed Forward Neural Painting with Stroke Predictioncited by 62
- 2023The Blessing of Randomness: SDE Beats ODE in General Diffusion-based Image Editingcited by 62
- 2021StyleMesh: Style Transfer for Indoor 3D Scene Reconstructionscited by 58
- 2023Shape-aware Text-driven Layered Video Editingcited by 54
- 2021Drop the GAN: In Defense of Patches Nearest Neighbors as Single Image Generative Modelscited by 51
- 2022ArtFID: Quantitative Evaluation of Neural Style Transfercited by 49
- 2021Rethinking and Improving the Robustness of Image Style Transfercited by 48
- 2021Instance-wise Hard Negative Example Generation for Contrastive Learning in Unpaired Image-to-Image Translationcited by 45
- 2024PhysMotion: Physics-Grounded Dynamics From a Single Imagecited by 45
- 2022Exploring Patch-wise Semantic Relation for Contrastive Learning in Image-to-Image Translation Taskscited by 42
- 2025PhysAnimator: Physics-Guided Generative Cartoon Animationcited by 42
- 2021Drafting and Revision: Laplacian Pyramid Network for Fast High-Quality Artistic Style Transfercited by 41
- 2021Unbalanced Feature Transport for Exemplar-based Image Translationcited by 41
- 2023StyleAdapter: A Unified Stylized Image Generation Modelcited by 39
- 2023DiffFashion: Reference-based Fashion Design with Structure-aware Transfer by Diffusion Modelscited by 33
- 2023Text-Driven Image Editing via Learnable Regionscited by 31
- 2021Style-Aware Normalized Loss for Improving Arbitrary Style Transfercited by 30
- 2025OmniStyle: Filtering High Quality Style Transfer Data at Scalecited by 30
- 2022Learning Graph Neural Networks for Image Style Transfercited by 29
- 2022StyleCLIPDraw: Coupling Content and Style in Text-to-Drawing Translationcited by 28
- 2022Meta Optimal Transportcited by 28
- 2022Structure Representation Network and Uncertainty Feedback Learning for Dense Non-Uniform Fog Removalcited by 28
- 2024DreamMotion: Space-Time Self-Similar Score Distillation for Zero-Shot Video Editingcited by 28
- 2022Generating natural images with direct Patch Distributions Matchingcited by 27
- 2021In the light of feature distributions: moment matching for Neural Style Transfercited by 26
- 2023Tuning Multi-mode Token-level Prompt Alignment across Modalitiescited by 26
- 2023DreamSpace: Dreaming Your Room Space with Text-Driven Panoramic Texture Propagationcited by 25
- 2022Modulated Contrast for Versatile Image Synthesiscited by 23
- 2022Neural Neighbor Style Transfercited by 23
- 2022Towards Diverse and Faithful One-shot Adaption of Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 23
- 2024StylizedGS: Controllable Stylization for 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 23
- 2025StyleSSP: Sampling StartPoint Enhancement for Training-free Diffusion-based Method for Style Transfercited by 23
50 most cited of 168 All 168 (JSON)
- 2026Texture Interpolation as Texton Matching13 Oct 2026
- 2026Staying True to the Origin: Continuous Image Stylization with Smooth Transitions8 Aug 2026
- 2026Capacity-Controlled Multi-View Stylization of 3D Gaussian Splatting25 Jun 2026
- 2026FreeStyle: Free Control of Style-Content Dual-Reference Generation from Community LoRA Mining18 Jun 2026
- 2026Take It or Leave It: Intent-Controlled Partial Optimal Transport19 May 2026
- 2026Image-Guided Geometric Stylization of 3D Meshes9 Apr 2026
- 2026Mixture of Style Experts for Diverse Image Stylization17 Mar 2026
- 2026Neural Particle Automata: Learning Self-Organizing Particle Dynamics22 Jan 2026
- 2026FaceRefiner: High-Fidelity Facial Texture Refinement with Differentiable Rendering-based Style Transfer8 Jan 2026
- 2025Estimation of Stochastic Optimal Transport Maps10 Dec 2025
- 2025GuideFlow3D: Optimization-Guided Rectified Flow For Appearance Transfer17 Oct 2025
- 2025StegOT: Trade-offs in Steganography via Optimal Transport14 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025OmniStyle2: Learning to Stylize by Learning to Destylize7 Sep 2025
- 2025Style4D-Bench: A Benchmark Suite for 4D Stylization26 Aug 2025
- 2025Improving Masked Style Transfer using Blended Partial Convolution7 Aug 2025
- 2025StyDeco: Unsupervised Style Transfer with Distilling Priors and Semantic Decoupling2 Aug 2025
- 2025Surgical Neural Radiance Fields from One Image1 Jul 2025
- 2025Interpretable Zero-Shot Learning with Locally-Aligned Vision-Language Model30 Jun 2025
- 2025Neural Cellular Automata: From Cells to Pixels28 Jun 2025
- 2025OmniStyle: Filtering High Quality Style Transfer Data at Scale20 May 2025
- 2025Eye2Eye: A Simple Approach for Monocular-to-Stereo Video Synthesis30 Apr 2025
- 2025Transformation & Translation Occupancy Grid Mapping: 2-Dimensional Deep Learning Refined SLAM28 Apr 2025
- 2025GAN-SLAM: Real-Time GAN Aided Floor Plan Creation Through SLAM28 Apr 2025
- 2025Embedding Empirical Distributions for Computing Optimal Transport Maps24 Apr 2025
- 2025Image Editing with Diffusion Models: A Survey17 Apr 2025
- 2025Pluggable Style Representation Learning for Multi-Style Transfer26 Mar 2025
- 2025CFNet: Optimizing Remote Sensing Change Detection through Content-Aware Enhancement11 Mar 2025
- 2025SCSA: A Plug-and-Play Semantic Continuous-Sparse Attention for Arbitrary Semantic Style Transfer6 Mar 2025
- 2025Coarse-to-Fine Structure-Aware Artistic Style Transfer8 Feb 2025
- 2025PhysAnimator: Physics-Guided Generative Cartoon Animation27 Jan 2025
- 2025StyleSSP: Sampling StartPoint Enhancement for Training-free Diffusion-based Method for Style Transfer20 Jan 2025
- 2024Artificial Intelligence for Geometry-Based Feature Extraction, Analysis and Synthesis in Artistic Images: A Survey2 Dec 2024
- 2024PhysMotion: Physics-Grounded Dynamics From a Single Image26 Nov 2024
- 2024Bridging Text and Image for Artist Style Transfer via Contrastive Learning12 Oct 2024
- 2024One-shot Generative Domain Adaptation in 3D GANs11 Oct 2024
- 2024Harnessing the Latent Diffusion Model for Training-Free Image Style Transfer2 Oct 2024
- 2024WaSt-3D: Wasserstein-2 Distance for Scene-to-Scene Stylization on 3D Gaussians26 Sep 2024
- 2024AEANet: Affinity Enhanced Attentional Networks for Arbitrary Style Transfer23 Sep 2024
- 2024Intraoperative Registration by Cross-Modal Inverse Neural Rendering18 Sep 2024
- 2024StructuReiser: A Structure-preserving Video Stylization Method9 Sep 2024
- 2024G-Style: Stylized Gaussian Splatting28 Aug 2024
- 2024Multiscale Sliced Wasserstein Distances as Perceptual Color Difference Measures14 Jul 2024
- 2024StyleSplat: 3D Object Style Transfer with Gaussian Splatting12 Jul 2024
- 2024Reference-based Controllable Scene Stylization with Gaussian Splatting9 Jul 2024
- 2024The Balanced-Pairwise-Affinities Feature Transform25 Jun 2024
- 2024VectorPainter: Advanced Stylized Vector Graphics Synthesis Using Stroke-Style Priors5 May 2024
- 2024SRAGAN: Saliency Regularized and Attended Generative Adversarial Network for Chinese Ink-wash Painting Style Transfer24 Apr 2024
- 2024CoARF: Controllable 3D Artistic Style Transfer for Radiance Fields23 Apr 2024
- 2024Gorgeous: Create Your Desired Character Facial Makeup from Any Ideas22 Apr 2024
- 2024Compositional Neural Textures18 Apr 2024
50 newest of 168 All 168 (JSON)
- 2022Imagic: Text-Based Real Image Editing with Diffusion Modelscited by 1,178
- 2024Lumiere: A Space-Time Diffusion Model for Video Generationcited by 455
- 2022Inversion-Based Style Transfer with Diffusion Modelscited by 291
- 2021More Control for Free! Image Synthesis with Semantic Diffusion Guidancecited by 212
- 2022Diffusion-based Image Translation using Disentangled Style and Content Representationcited by 149
- 2024DEADiff: An Efficient Stylization Diffusion Model with Disentangled Representationscited by 68
- 2023The Blessing of Randomness: SDE Beats ODE in General Diffusion-based Image Editingcited by 62
- 2023DiffFashion: Reference-based Fashion Design with Structure-aware Transfer by Diffusion Modelscited by 33
- 2024DreamMotion: Space-Time Self-Similar Score Distillation for Zero-Shot Video Editingcited by 28
- 2023KOALA: Empirical Lessons Toward Memory-Efficient and Fast Diffusion Models for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 18
- 2023Painterly Image Harmonization using Diffusion Modelcited by 12
- 2025Image Editing with Diffusion Models: A Surveycited by 8
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2025GuideFlow3D: Optimization-Guided Rectified Flow For Appearance Transfer17 Oct 2025
- 2025StyDeco: Unsupervised Style Transfer with Distilling Priors and Semantic Decoupling2 Aug 2025
- 2025Image Editing with Diffusion Models: A Survey17 Apr 2025
- 2024Harnessing the Latent Diffusion Model for Training-Free Image Style Transfer2 Oct 2024
- 2024DreamMotion: Space-Time Self-Similar Score Distillation for Zero-Shot Video Editing18 Mar 2024
- 2024DEADiff: An Efficient Stylization Diffusion Model with Disentangled Representations11 Mar 2024
- 2024Lumiere: A Space-Time Diffusion Model for Video Generation23 Jan 2024
- 2023KOALA: Empirical Lessons Toward Memory-Efficient and Fast Diffusion Models for Text-to-Image Synthesis7 Dec 2023
- 2023The Blessing of Randomness: SDE Beats ODE in General Diffusion-based Image Editing2 Nov 2023
- 2023Painterly Image Harmonization using Diffusion Model4 Aug 2023
- 2023DIFF-NST: Diffusion Interleaving For deFormable Neural Style Transfer9 Jul 2023
- 2023Improving Diffusion-based Image Translation using Asymmetric Gradient Guidance7 Jun 2023
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026Mixture of Style Experts for Diverse Image Stylizationcited by 1
- 2026Mixture of Style Experts for Diverse Image Stylization17 Mar 2026
- 2022Plug-and-Play Diffusion Features for Text-Driven Image-to-Image Translationcited by 906
- 2023TokenFlow: Consistent Diffusion Features for Consistent Video Editingcited by 442
- 2021Text2Mesh: Text-Driven Neural Stylization for Meshescited by 334
- 2022Text2LIVE: Text-Driven Layered Image and Video Editingcited by 312
- 2022Splicing ViT Features for Semantic Appearance Transfercited by 209
- 2022ARF: Artistic Radiance Fieldscited by 147
- 2021Layered Neural Atlases for Consistent Video Editingcited by 137
- 2023Cross-Image Attention for Zero-Shot Appearance Transfercited by 136
- 2022NeRF-Art: Text-Driven Neural Radiance Fields Stylizationcited by 126
- 2022Domain Enhanced Arbitrary Image Style Transfer via Contrastive Learningcited by 93
- 2021LCDNet: Deep Loop Closure Detection and Point Cloud Registration for LiDAR SLAMcited by 67
- 2021The Spatially-Correlative Loss for Various Image Translation Taskscited by 66
12 most cited of 147 All 147 (JSON)
- 2026Texture Interpolation as Texton Matching13 Oct 2026
- 2026Staying True to the Origin: Continuous Image Stylization with Smooth Transitions8 Aug 2026
- 2026Capacity-Controlled Multi-View Stylization of 3D Gaussian Splatting25 Jun 2026
- 2026FreeStyle: Free Control of Style-Content Dual-Reference Generation from Community LoRA Mining18 Jun 2026
- 2026Take It or Leave It: Intent-Controlled Partial Optimal Transport19 May 2026
- 2026Image-Guided Geometric Stylization of 3D Meshes9 Apr 2026
- 2026Neural Particle Automata: Learning Self-Organizing Particle Dynamics22 Jan 2026
- 2026FaceRefiner: High-Fidelity Facial Texture Refinement with Differentiable Rendering-based Style Transfer8 Jan 2026
- 2025Estimation of Stochastic Optimal Transport Maps10 Dec 2025
- 2025StegOT: Trade-offs in Steganography via Optimal Transport14 Sep 2025
- 2025OmniStyle2: Learning to Stylize by Learning to Destylize7 Sep 2025
- 2025Style4D-Bench: A Benchmark Suite for 4D Stylization26 Aug 2025
12 newest of 147 All 147 (JSON)