Adaptive NMS: Refining Pedestrian Detection in a Crowd
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Abstract (arXiv)
Pedestrian detection in a crowd is a very challenging issue. This paper addresses this problem by a novel Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) algorithm to better refine the bounding boxes given by detectors. The contributions are threefold: (1) we propose adaptive-NMS, which applies a dynamic suppression threshold to an instance, according to the target density; (2) we design an efficient subnetwork to learn density scores, which can be conveniently embedded into both the single-stage and two-stage detectors; and (3) we achieve state of the art results on the CityPersons and CrowdHuman benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 16; 2022: 15; 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 9; 2026: 5.
66 papers.
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- 2021OTA: Optimal Transport Assignment for Object Detectioncited by 177
- 2021Occluded Video Instance Segmentation: A Benchmarkcited by 154
- 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
- 2021SOLO: A Simple Framework for Instance Segmentationcited by 32
- 2022Progressive End-to-End Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 31
- 2022Real-time Object Detection for Streaming Perceptioncited by 29
- 2024Relation DETR: Exploring Explicit Position Relation Prior for Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2023VLPD: Context-Aware Pedestrian Detection via Vision-Language Semantic Self-Supervisioncited by 19
- 2023Boosting Detection in Crowd Analysis via Underutilized Output Featurescited by 14
- 2024Crowd-SAM: SAM as a Smart Annotator for Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 13
38 more
- 2022You Should Look at All Objectscited by 12
- 2023ODAM: Gradient-based instance-specific visual explanations for object detectioncited by 12
- 2021Variational Pedestrian Detectioncited by 10
- 2023FAQ: Feature Aggregated Queries for Transformer-based Video Object Detectorscited by 10
- 2021BlockCopy: High-Resolution Video Processing with Block-Sparse Feature Propagation and Online Policiescited by 9
- 2022Pedestrian Detection: Domain Generalization, CNNs, Transformers and Beyondcited by 8
- 2022Beta R-CNN: Looking into Pedestrian Detection from Another Perspectivecited by 8
- 2021LLA: Loss-aware Label Assignment for Dense Pedestrian Detectioncited by 7
- 2021NMS-Loss: Learning with Non-Maximum Suppression for Crowded Pedestrian Detectioncited by 7
- 2021Occluded Video Instance Segmentation: Dataset and ICCV 2021 Challengecited by 6
- 2021Contrastive Object Detection Using Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 6
- 2022PointNeuron: 3D Neuron Reconstruction via Geometry and Topology Learning of Point Cloudscited by 6
- 2022Improving Crowded Object Detection via Copy-Pastecited by 6
- 2022Body-Part Joint Detection and Association via Extended Object Representationcited by 5
- 2022DEYO: DETR with YOLO for Step-by-Step Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2023DEYOv2: Rank Feature with Greedy Matching for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2023Fuzzy-NMS: Improving 3D Object Detection with Fuzzy Classification in NMScited by 3
- 2024Robust Pedestrian Detection via Constructing Versatile Pedestrian Knowledge Bankcited by 3
- 2025Multi-Cue Adaptive Visual Token Pruning for Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 3
- 2021V2F-Net: Explicit Decomposition of Occluded Pedestrian Detectioncited by 2
- 2021VL-NMS: Breaking Proposal Bottlenecks in Two-Stage Visual-Language Matchingcited by 2
- 2021PSRR-MaxpoolNMS: Pyramid Shifted MaxpoolNMS with Relationship Recoverycited by 2
- 2021Pedestrian Detection by Exemplar-Guided Contrastive Learningcited by 2
- 2022IoU-Enhanced Attention for End-to-End Task Specific Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2023BPJDet: Extended Object Representation for Generic Body-Part Joint Detectioncited by 2
- 2024From Algorithm to Hardware: A Survey on Efficient and Safe Deployment of Deep Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2024Accelerating Non-Maximum Suppression: A Graph Theory Perspectivecited by 2
- 2025IMM-MOT: A Novel 3D Multi-object Tracking Framework with Interacting Multiple Model Filtercited by 2
- 2025E-SAM: Training-Free Segment Every Entity Modelcited by 2
- 2025CMF-IoU: Multi-Stage Cross-Modal Fusion 3D Object Detection with IoU Joint Predictioncited by 2
- 2021You Better Look Twice: a new perspective for designing accurate detectors with reduced computationscited by 1
- 2023Do We Still Need Non-Maximum Suppression? Accurate Confidence Estimates and Implicit Duplication Modeling with IoU-Aware Calibrationcited by 1
- 2024PBADet: A One-Stage Anchor-Free Approach for Part-Body Associationcited by 1
- 2024Imagine the Unseen: Occluded Pedestrian Detection via Adversarial Feature Completioncited by 1
- 2024SSGA-Net: Stepwise Spatial Global-local Aggregation Networks for for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2025Work-Efficient Parallel Non-Maximum Suppression Kernelscited by 1
- 2025Density-based Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 1
- 2025CrowdQuery: Density-Guided Query Module for Enhanced 2D and 3D Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 1
50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026DensePed-Lite: Quality-Aware Adaptive Detection for Dense Pedestrians under Occlusion30 Sep 2026
- 2026SkillSpotter: Pose-Aware Multi-View Skilled Action Detection and Grading in Ego-Exo Videos30 Jun 2026
- 2026A Smart Classroom Behavior Analysis Framework with a New Highly Congested Classroom Dataset19 Jun 2026
- 2026Selective Synergistic Learning for Video Object-Centric Learning14 Jun 2026
- 2026Exclusivity-Guided Mask Learning for Semi-Supervised Crowd Instance Segmentation and Counting17 Mar 2026
- 2025Group Evidence Matters: Tiling-based Semantic Gating for Dense Object Detection13 Sep 2025
- 2025CrowdQuery: Density-Guided Query Module for Enhanced 2D and 3D Detection in Crowded Scenes10 Sep 2025
- 2025CMF-IoU: Multi-Stage Cross-Modal Fusion 3D Object Detection with IoU Joint Prediction18 Aug 2025
- 2025Density-based Object Detection in Crowded Scenes14 Apr 2025
- 2025E-SAM: Training-Free Segment Every Entity Model15 Mar 2025
- 2025Multi-Cue Adaptive Visual Token Pruning for Large Vision-Language Models11 Mar 2025
- 2025IMM-MOT: A Novel 3D Multi-object Tracking Framework with Interacting Multiple Model Filter13 Feb 2025
38 more
- 2025Dense Object Detection Based on De-homogenized Queries11 Feb 2025
- 2025Work-Efficient Parallel Non-Maximum Suppression Kernels1 Feb 2025
- 2024Accelerating Non-Maximum Suppression: A Graph Theory Perspective30 Sep 2024
- 2024Relation DETR: Exploring Explicit Position Relation Prior for Object Detection16 Jul 2024
- 2024Crowd-SAM: SAM as a Smart Annotator for Object Detection in Crowded Scenes16 Jul 2024
- 2024SSGA-Net: Stepwise Spatial Global-local Aggregation Networks for for Autonomous Driving29 May 2024
- 2024A PST Algorithm for FPs Suppression in Two-stage CNN Detection Methods24 May 2024
- 2024From Algorithm to Hardware: A Survey on Efficient and Safe Deployment of Deep Neural Networks9 May 2024
- 2024Imagine the Unseen: Occluded Pedestrian Detection via Adversarial Feature Completion2 May 2024
- 2024Robust Pedestrian Detection via Constructing Versatile Pedestrian Knowledge Bank30 Apr 2024
- 2024PBADet: A One-Stage Anchor-Free Approach for Part-Body Association12 Feb 2024
- 2023Fuzzy-NMS: Improving 3D Object Detection with Fuzzy Classification in NMS21 Oct 2023
- 2023Joint object detection and re-identification for 3D obstacle multi-camera systems9 Oct 2023
- 2023PPD: A New Valet Parking Pedestrian Fisheye Dataset for Autonomous Driving20 Sep 2023
- 2023Do We Still Need Non-Maximum Suppression? Accurate Confidence Estimates and Implicit Duplication Modeling with IoU-Aware Calibration6 Sep 2023
- 2023Boosting Detection in Crowd Analysis via Underutilized Output Features30 Aug 2023
- 2023DEYOv2: Rank Feature with Greedy Matching for End-to-End Object Detection15 Jun 2023
- 2023Inverted Non-maximum Suppression for more Accurate and Neater Face Detection17 May 2023
- 2023BPJDet: Extended Object Representation for Generic Body-Part Joint Detection21 Apr 2023
- 2023ODAM: Gradient-based instance-specific visual explanations for object detection13 Apr 2023
- 2023VLPD: Context-Aware Pedestrian Detection via Vision-Language Semantic Self-Supervision6 Apr 2023
- 2023FAQ: Feature Aggregated Queries for Transformer-based Video Object Detectors15 Mar 2023
- 2023DINF: Dynamic Instance Noise Filter for Occluded Pedestrian Detection13 Jan 2023
- 2022Body-Part Joint Detection and Association via Extended Object Representation15 Dec 2022
- 2022Detection Selection Algorithm: A Likelihood based Optimization Method to Perform Post Processing for Object Detection12 Dec 2022
- 2022Improving Crowded Object Detection via Copy-Paste22 Nov 2022
- 2022Object Detection in Aerial Imagery15 Nov 2022
- 2022DEYO: DETR with YOLO for Step-by-Step Object Detection12 Nov 2022
- 2022TSAA: A Two-Stage Anchor Assignment Method towards Anchor Drift in Crowded Object Detection2 Nov 2022
- 2022Beta R-CNN: Looking into Pedestrian Detection from Another Perspective23 Oct 2022
- 2022PointNeuron: 3D Neuron Reconstruction via Geometry and Topology Learning of Point Clouds15 Oct 2022
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Survey30 Sep 2022
- 2022IoU-Enhanced Attention for End-to-End Task Specific Object Detection21 Sep 2022
- 2022You Should Look at All Objects16 Jul 2022
- 2022Real-time Object Detection for Streaming Perception23 Mar 2022
- 2022Progressive End-to-End Object Detection in Crowded Scenes15 Mar 2022
- 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Survey7 Feb 2022
- 2022Pedestrian Detection: Domain Generalization, CNNs, Transformers and Beyond10 Jan 2022
50 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2021OTA: Optimal Transport Assignment for Object Detectioncited by 177
- 2021Occluded Video Instance Segmentation: A Benchmarkcited by 154
- 2021GrooMeD-NMS: Grouped Mathematically Differentiable NMS for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 66
- 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
- 2021SOLO: A Simple Framework for Instance Segmentationcited by 32
- 2022Progressive End-to-End Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 31
- 2022Real-time Object Detection for Streaming Perceptioncited by 29
- 2024Relation DETR: Exploring Explicit Position Relation Prior for Object Detectioncited by 27
- 2023VLPD: Context-Aware Pedestrian Detection via Vision-Language Semantic Self-Supervisioncited by 19
- 2023Boosting Detection in Crowd Analysis via Underutilized Output Featurescited by 14
- 2024Crowd-SAM: SAM as a Smart Annotator for Object Detection in Crowded Scenescited by 13
12 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
- 2026DensePed-Lite: Quality-Aware Adaptive Detection for Dense Pedestrians under Occlusion30 Sep 2026
- 2026SkillSpotter: Pose-Aware Multi-View Skilled Action Detection and Grading in Ego-Exo Videos30 Jun 2026
- 2026A Smart Classroom Behavior Analysis Framework with a New Highly Congested Classroom Dataset19 Jun 2026
- 2026Selective Synergistic Learning for Video Object-Centric Learning14 Jun 2026
- 2026Exclusivity-Guided Mask Learning for Semi-Supervised Crowd Instance Segmentation and Counting17 Mar 2026
- 2025Group Evidence Matters: Tiling-based Semantic Gating for Dense Object Detection13 Sep 2025
- 2025CrowdQuery: Density-Guided Query Module for Enhanced 2D and 3D Detection in Crowded Scenes10 Sep 2025
- 2025CMF-IoU: Multi-Stage Cross-Modal Fusion 3D Object Detection with IoU Joint Prediction18 Aug 2025
- 2025Density-based Object Detection in Crowded Scenes14 Apr 2025
- 2025E-SAM: Training-Free Segment Every Entity Model15 Mar 2025
- 2025IMM-MOT: A Novel 3D Multi-object Tracking Framework with Interacting Multiple Model Filter13 Feb 2025
- 2025Dense Object Detection Based on De-homogenized Queries11 Feb 2025
12 newest of 65 All 65 (JSON)