Model Agnostic Supervised Local Explanations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Model interpretability is an increasingly important component of practical machine learning. Some of the most common forms of interpretability systems are example-based, local, and global explanations. One of the main challenges in interpretability is designing explanation systems that can capture aspects of each of these explanation types, in order to develop a more thorough understanding of the model. We address this challenge in a novel model called MAPLE that uses local linear modeling techniques along with a dual interpretation of random forests (both as a supervised neighborhood approach and as a feature selection method). MAPLE has two fundamental advantages over existing interpretability systems. First, while it is effective as a black-box explanation system, MAPLE itself is a highly accurate predictive model that provides faithful self explanations, and thus sidesteps the typical accuracy-interpretability trade-off. Specifically, we demonstrate, on several UCI datasets, that MAPLE is at least as accurate as random forests and that it produces more faithful local explanations than LIME, a popular interpretability system. Second, MAPLE provides both example-based and local explanations and can detect global patterns, which allows it to diagnose limitations in its local explanations.
Key facts. Cited by 83 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Jul 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 22; 2022: 21; 2023: 15; 2024: 16; 2025: 3; 2026: 6.
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- 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 302
- 2021Benchmarking and Survey of Explanation Methods for Black Box Modelscited by 136
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyondcited by 118
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- 2022The Road to Explainability is Paved with Bias: Measuring the Fairness of Explanationscited by 41
- 2021On the Computational Intelligibility of Boolean Classifierscited by 40
- 2022Fairness via Explanation Quality: Evaluating Disparities in the Quality of Post hoc Explanationscited by 40
- 2021A Study of Automatic Metrics for the Evaluation of Natural Language Explanationscited by 34
- 2021On Locality of Local Explanation Modelscited by 25
38 more
- 2023Self-Interpretable Time Series Prediction with Counterfactual Explanationscited by 24
- 2022Human-Centered Concept Explanations for Neural Networkscited by 23
- 2021Counterfactual Shapley Additive Explanationscited by 22
- 2022Use-Case-Grounded Simulations for Explanation Evaluationcited by 19
- 2023HarsanyiNet: Computing Accurate Shapley Values in a Single Forward Propagationcited by 17
- 2022Adapting and Evaluating Influence-Estimation Methods for Gradient-Boosted Decision Treescited by 16
- 2023Calibrated Explanations: with Uncertainty Information and Counterfactualscited by 16
- 2021Agree to Disagree: When Deep Learning Models With Identical Architectures Produce Distinct Explanationscited by 15
- 2021Explainable Deep Learning in Healthcare: A Methodological Survey from an Attribution Viewcited by 15
- 2023CLIP-QDA: An Explainable Concept Bottleneck Modelcited by 13
- 2022The Solvability of Interpretability Evaluation Metricscited by 11
- 2024Contribution Functions for Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Graphs: A Principle-based Analysiscited by 11
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- 2022Instance-Based Uncertainty Estimation for Gradient-Boosted Regression Treescited by 9
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- 2022Change Detection for Local Explainability in Evolving Data Streamscited by 8
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- 2024Understanding Disparities in Post Hoc Machine Learning Explanationcited by 6
- 2025Exact Shapley Attributions in Quadratic-time for FANOVA Gaussian Processescited by 6
- 2021A Review of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturingcited by 5
- 2021XPROAX-Local explanations for text classification with progressive neighborhood approximationcited by 5
- 2022CAIPI in Practice: Towards Explainable Interactive Medical Image Classificationcited by 5
- 2021LCS-DIVE: An Automated Rule-based Machine Learning Visualization Pipeline for Characterizing Complex Associations in Classificationcited by 4
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- 2022Why Deep Surgical Models Fail?: Revisiting Surgical Action Triplet Recognition through the Lens of Robustnesscited by 4
- 2025Explainable Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) with KG-SMILEcited by 4
- 2021Forest Guided Smoothingcited by 3
- 2021A Framework for Evaluating Post Hoc Feature-Additive Explainerscited by 3
- 2021Instance-Based Neural Dependency Parsingcited by 3
- 2022Towards a Theory of Faithfulness: Faithful Explanations of Differentiable Classifiers over Continuous Datacited by 3
- 2022An Additive Instance-Wise Approach to Multi-class Model Interpretationcited by 3
- 2024TERC: A Transfer Entropy Redundancy Criterion for State Variable Selection in Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2024Explainable automatic industrial carbon footprint estimation from bank transaction classification using natural language processingcited by 3
- 2024ShapG: new feature importance method based on the Shapley valuecited by 3
- 2024Mapping the Mind of an Instruction-based Image Editing using SMILEcited by 3
- 2025Local MDI+: Local Feature Importances for Tree-Based Modelscited by 3
50 most cited of 83 All 83 (JSON)
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- 2026Local Additive Feature Attribution: A Mathematical Taxonomy and Reporting Checklist15 Jul 2026
- 2026Explainable Control Framework (XCF) based on Fuzzy Model-Agnostic Explanation and LLM Agent-Supported Interface24 Jun 2026
- 2026Seeing What Shouldn't Be There: Counterfactual GANs for Medical Image Attribution6 May 2026
- 2026Locally Interpretable Individualized Treatment Rules for Black-Box Decision Models12 Feb 2026
- 2025Explainable Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) with KG-SMILE3 Sep 2025
- 2025Exact Shapley Attributions in Quadratic-time for FANOVA Gaussian Processes20 Aug 2025
- 2025Local MDI+: Local Feature Importances for Tree-Based Models10 Jun 2025
- 2024Mapping the Mind of an Instruction-based Image Editing using SMILE20 Dec 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Guide to Explainable AI: From Classical Models to LLMs1 Dec 2024
- 2024Axiomatic Explainer Globalness via Optimal Transport2 Nov 2024
38 more
- 2024Improving Decision Sparsity27 Oct 2024
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- 2024ShapG: new feature importance method based on the Shapley value29 Jun 2024
- 2024Explaining Black-box Model Predictions via Two-level Nested Feature Attributions with Consistency Property23 May 2024
- 2024Explainable automatic industrial carbon footprint estimation from bank transaction classification using natural language processing23 May 2024
- 2024SIDEs: Separating Idealization from Deceptive Explanations in xAI25 Apr 2024
- 2024Accurate estimation of feature importance faithfulness for tree models4 Apr 2024
- 2024XRL-Bench: A Benchmark for Evaluating and Comparing Explainable Reinforcement Learning Techniques20 Feb 2024
- 2024NormEnsembleXAI: Unveiling the Strengths and Weaknesses of XAI Ensemble Techniques30 Jan 2024
- 2024Understanding Disparities in Post Hoc Machine Learning Explanation25 Jan 2024
- 2024TERC: A Transfer Entropy Redundancy Criterion for State Variable Selection in Reinforcement Learning21 Jan 2024
- 2024Contribution Functions for Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Graphs: A Principle-based Analysis16 Jan 2024
- 2024Model-Agnostic Interpretation Framework in Machine Learning: A Comparative Study in NBA Sports5 Jan 2024
- 2023CLIP-QDA: An Explainable Concept Bottleneck Model30 Nov 2023
- 2023Uncertainty in Additive Feature Attribution methods29 Nov 2023
- 2023Greedy PIG: Adaptive Integrated Gradients10 Nov 2023
- 2023How Well Do Feature-Additive Explainers Explain Feature-Additive Predictors?27 Oct 2023
- 2023On the stability, correctness and plausibility of visual explanation methods based on feature importance25 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Attributions of Input Variables in a Coalition23 Sep 2023
- 2023Corporate Credit Rating: A Survey19 Sep 2023
- 2023Explainable AI for clinical risk prediction: a survey of concepts, methods, and modalities16 Aug 2023
- 2023Self-Interpretable Time Series Prediction with Counterfactual Explanations9 Jun 2023
- 2023Interpretable Mesomorphic Networks for Tabular Data22 May 2023
- 2023BELLA: Black box model Explanations by Local Linear Approximations18 May 2023
- 2023Calibrated Explanations: with Uncertainty Information and Counterfactuals3 May 2023
- 2023HarsanyiNet: Computing Accurate Shapley Values in a Single Forward Propagation4 Apr 2023
- 2023Explaining text classifiers through progressive neighborhood approximation with realistic samples11 Feb 2023
- 2023Towards Meaningful Anomaly Detection: The Effect of Counterfactual Explanations on the Investigation of Anomalies in Multivariate Time Series7 Feb 2023
- 2022Explaining Random Forests using Bipolar Argumentation and Markov Networks (Technical Report)21 Nov 2022
- 2022Why Deep Surgical Models Fail?: Revisiting Surgical Action Triplet Recognition through the Lens of Robustness18 Sep 2022
- 2022Change Detection for Local Explainability in Evolving Data Streams6 Sep 2022
- 2022TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversations8 Jul 2022
- 2022An Additive Instance-Wise Approach to Multi-class Model Interpretation7 Jul 2022
- 2022Do We Need Another Explainable AI Method? Toward Unifying Post-hoc XAI Evaluation Methods into an Interactive and Multi-dimensional Benchmark8 Jun 2022
- 2022Use-Case-Grounded Simulations for Explanation Evaluation5 Jun 2022
- 2022HEX: Human-in-the-loop Explainability via Deep Reinforcement Learning2 Jun 2022
- 2022Instance-Based Uncertainty Estimation for Gradient-Boosted Regression Trees23 May 2022
- 2022Towards a Theory of Faithfulness: Faithful Explanations of Differentiable Classifiers over Continuous Data19 May 2022
50 newest of 83 All 83 (JSON)
- 2026Interpretable AI with Local Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Interpretable AI with Local Distillation24 Aug 2026
- 2022From Anecdotal Evidence to Quantitative Evaluation Methods: A Systematic Review on Evaluating Explainable AIcited by 302
- 2021Benchmarking and Survey of Explanation Methods for Black Box Modelscited by 136
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning: Interpretation, Interpretability, Trustworthiness, and Beyondcited by 118
- 2022Faith-Shap: The Faithful Shapley Interaction Indexcited by 69
- 2022TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversationscited by 66
- 2021Synthetic Benchmarks for Scientific Research in Explainable Machine Learningcited by 59
- 2021How can I choose an explainer? An Application-grounded Evaluation of Post-hoc Explanationscited by 58
- 2022The Road to Explainability is Paved with Bias: Measuring the Fairness of Explanationscited by 41
- 2021On the Computational Intelligibility of Boolean Classifierscited by 40
- 2022Fairness via Explanation Quality: Evaluating Disparities in the Quality of Post hoc Explanationscited by 40
- 2021A Study of Automatic Metrics for the Evaluation of Natural Language Explanationscited by 34
- 2021On Locality of Local Explanation Modelscited by 25
12 most cited of 79 All 79 (JSON)
- 2026Probabilistic Linear Explanations16 Sep 2026
- 2026Local Additive Feature Attribution: A Mathematical Taxonomy and Reporting Checklist15 Jul 2026
- 2026Explainable Control Framework (XCF) based on Fuzzy Model-Agnostic Explanation and LLM Agent-Supported Interface24 Jun 2026
- 2026Seeing What Shouldn't Be There: Counterfactual GANs for Medical Image Attribution6 May 2026
- 2026Locally Interpretable Individualized Treatment Rules for Black-Box Decision Models12 Feb 2026
- 2025Exact Shapley Attributions in Quadratic-time for FANOVA Gaussian Processes20 Aug 2025
- 2025Local MDI+: Local Feature Importances for Tree-Based Models10 Jun 2025
- 2024Mapping the Mind of an Instruction-based Image Editing using SMILE20 Dec 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Guide to Explainable AI: From Classical Models to LLMs1 Dec 2024
- 2024Axiomatic Explainer Globalness via Optimal Transport2 Nov 2024
- 2024Improving Decision Sparsity27 Oct 2024
- 2024Integrated feature analysis for deep learning interpretation and class activation maps1 Jul 2024
12 newest of 79 All 79 (JSON)