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Six Challenges for Neural Machine Translation

arXiv 1706.03872 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2017cs.CLcited by 335

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Abstract (arXiv)

We explore six challenges for neural machine translation: domain mismatch, amount of training data, rare words, long sentences, word alignment, and beam search. We show both deficiencies and improvements over the quality of phrase-based statistical machine translation.

Key facts. Cited by 335 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 89; 2022: 63; 2023: 63; 2024: 52; 2025: 36; 2026: 32.

335 papers.

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  1. 2022Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generationcited by 2,075
  2. 2021Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processingcited by 530
  3. 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignmentcited by 401
  4. 2023A Stitch in Time Saves Nine: Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations of LLMs by Validating Low-Confidence Generationcited by 206
  5. 2022In-context Examples Selection for Machine Translationcited by 172
  6. 2025Thoughts Are All Over the Place: On the Underthinking of o1-Like LLMscited by 163
  7. 2021The Curious Case of Hallucinations in Neural Machine Translationcited by 161
  8. 2023Towards Making the Most of ChatGPT for Machine Translationcited by 138
  9. 2024From Decoding to Meta-Generation: Inference-time Algorithms for Large Language Modelscited by 137
  10. 2021Samanantar: The Largest Publicly Available Parallel Corpora Collection for 11 Indic Languagescited by 136
  11. 2021Q2: Evaluating Factual Consistency in Knowledge-Grounded Dialogues via Question Generation and Question Answeringcited by 132
  12. 2023End-to-End Speech Recognition: A Surveycited by 129
38 more
  1. 2023DDCoT: Duty-Distinct Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Multimodal Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 128
  2. 2022Calibrating Sequence likelihood Improves Conditional Language Generationcited by 121
  3. 2021Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages: A Surveycited by 109
  4. 2021Neural Path Hunter: Reducing Hallucination in Dialogue Systems via Path Groundingcited by 106
  5. 2021Efficient Nearest Neighbor Language Modelscited by 93
  6. 2021Survey of Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 92
  7. 2021Protecting Intellectual Property of Language Generation APIs with Lexical Watermarkcited by 84
  8. 2022CATER: Intellectual Property Protection on Text Generation APIs via Conditional Watermarkscited by 76
  9. 2023Calibration in Deep Learning: A Survey of the State-of-the-Artcited by 75
  10. 2023Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for Machine Translationcited by 74
  11. 2022RankGen: Improving Text Generation with Large Ranking Modelscited by 72
  12. 2021Sampling-Based Approximations to Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding for Neural Machine Translationcited by 65
  13. 2021Neural Machine Translation with Monolingual Translation Memorycited by 61
  14. 2022Looking for a Needle in a Haystack: A Comprehensive Study of Hallucinations in Neural Machine Translationcited by 61
  15. 2022Neuro-Symbolic Language Modeling with Automaton-augmented Retrievalcited by 60
  16. 2021BlonDe: An Automatic Evaluation Metric for Document-level Machine Translationcited by 58
  17. 2021Adaptive Nearest Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 58
  18. 2021Understanding the Properties of Minimum Bayes Risk Decoding in Neural Machine Translationcited by 56
  19. 2021A Systematic Investigation of Commonsense Knowledge in Large Language Modelscited by 56
  20. 2022Multi-VALUE: A Framework for Cross-Dialectal English NLPcited by 53
  21. 2023It's MBR All the Way Down: Modern Generation Techniques Through the Lens of Minimum Bayes Riskcited by 51
  22. 2022Quality-Aware Decoding for Neural Machine Translationcited by 49
  23. 2025Large Language Models Hallucination: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 49
  24. 2021Domain Adaptation and Multi-Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation: A Surveycited by 46
  25. 2021G-Transformer for Document-level Machine Translationcited by 46
  26. 2021They, Them, Theirs: Rewriting with Gender-Neutral Englishcited by 44
  27. 2022Learning to Reason Deductively: Math Word Problem Solving as Complex Relation Extractioncited by 44
  28. 2023Decoder-Only or Encoder-Decoder? Interpreting Language Model as a Regularized Encoder-Decodercited by 44
  29. 2023Uncertainty in Natural Language Processing: Sources, Quantification, and Applicationscited by 44
  30. 2024Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Domain-specific Machine Translationcited by 43
  31. 2023Mitigating Hallucinations and Off-target Machine Translation with Source-Contrastive and Language-Contrastive Decodingcited by 42
  32. 2021Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignmentcited by 41
  33. 2022Melting Pot 2.0cited by 40
  34. 2021Fast Nearest Neighbor Machine Translationcited by 37
  35. 2021BERT, mBERT, or BiBERT? A Study on Contextualized Embeddings for Neural Machine Translationcited by 35
  36. 2021Sequence Length is a Domain: Length-based Overfitting in Transformer Modelscited by 35
  37. 2021MSP: Multi-Stage Prompting for Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Translatorscited by 35
  38. 2023Lost in Translation: Large Language Models in Non-English Content Analysiscited by 35

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