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T-LESS: An RGB-D Dataset for 6D Pose Estimation of Texture-less Objects

arXiv 1701.05498 ↗First posted 19 Jan 2017cs.CV cs.AI cs.ROcited by 210

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Abstract (arXiv)

We introduce T-LESS, a new public dataset for estimating the 6D pose, i.e. translation and rotation, of texture-less rigid objects. The dataset features thirty industry-relevant objects with no significant texture and no discriminative color or reflectance properties. The objects exhibit symmetries and mutual similarities in shape and/or size. Compared to other datasets, a unique property is that some of the objects are parts of others. The dataset includes training and test images that were captured with three synchronized sensors, specifically a structured-light and a time-of-flight RGB-D sensor and a high-resolution RGB camera. There are approximately 39K training and 10K test images from each sensor. Additionally, two types of 3D models are provided for each object, i.e. a manually created CAD model and a semi-automatically reconstructed one. Training images depict individual objects against a black background. Test images originate from twenty test scenes having varying complexity, which increases from simple scenes with several isolated objects to very challenging ones with multiple instances of several objects and with a high amount of clutter and occlusion. The images were captured from a systematically sampled view sphere around the object/scene, and are annotated with accurate ground truth 6D poses of all modeled objects. Initial evaluation results indicate that the state of the art in 6D object pose estimation has ample room for improvement, especially in difficult cases with significant occlusion. The T-LESS dataset is available online at cmp.felk.cvut.cz/t-less.

Key facts. Cited by 210 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jan 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 24; 2022: 41; 2023: 39; 2024: 39; 2025: 44; 2026: 23.

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  1. 2023FoundationPose: Unified 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking of Novel Objectscited by 411
  2. 2022MegaPose: 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects via Render & Comparecited by 198
  3. 2023Aria Digital Twin: A New Benchmark Dataset for Egocentric 3D Machine Perceptioncited by 166
  4. 2021GDRNPP: A Geometry-guided and Fully Learning-based Object Pose Estimatorcited by 148
  5. 2021FFB6D: A Full Flow Bidirectional Fusion Network for 6D Pose Estimationcited by 144
  6. 2024HOT3D: Hand and Object Tracking in 3D from Egocentric Multi-View Videoscited by 122
  7. 2021FS-Net: Fast Shape-based Network for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation with Decoupled Rotation Mechanismcited by 121
  8. 2023GigaPose: Fast and Robust Novel Object Pose Estimation via One Correspondencecited by 113
  9. 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Featurescited by 109
  10. 2021SurfEmb: Dense and Continuous Correspondence Distributions for Object Pose Estimation with Learnt Surface Embeddingscited by 95
  11. 2023CNOS: A Strong Baseline for CAD-based Novel Object Segmentationcited by 86
  12. 20226-DoF Pose Estimation of Household Objects for Robotic Manipulation: An Accessible Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 85
38 more
  1. 2022FS6D: Few-Shot 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objectscited by 81
  2. 2022OSOP: A Multi-Stage One Shot Object Pose Estimation Frameworkcited by 81
  3. 2023BOP Challenge 2022 on Detection, Segmentation and Pose Estimation of Specific Rigid Objectscited by 70
  4. 2021Implicit-PDF: Non-Parametric Representation of Probability Distributions on the Rotation Manifoldcited by 65
  5. 2024BOP Challenge 2023 on Detection, Segmentation and Pose Estimation of Seen and Unseen Rigid Objectscited by 60
  6. 2022NeRF-Pose: A First-Reconstruct-Then-Regress Approach for Weakly-supervised 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 57
  7. 2023FreeZe: Training-free zero-shot 6D pose estimation with geometric and vision foundation modelscited by 56
  8. 2022Templates for 3D Object Pose Estimation Revisited: Generalization to New Objects and Robustness to Occlusionscited by 54
  9. 2022HouseCat6D -- A Large-Scale Multi-Modal Category Level 6D Object Perception Dataset with Household Objects in Realistic Scenarioscited by 51
  10. 2022Coupled Iterative Refinement for 6D Multi-Object Pose Estimationcited by 48
  11. 2024Omni6DPose: A Benchmark and Model for Universal 6D Object Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 48
  12. 2023IndustReal: A Dataset for Procedure Step Recognition Handling Execution Errors in Egocentric Videos in an Industrial-Like Settingcited by 46
  13. 2024Introducing HOT3D: An Egocentric Dataset for 3D Hand and Object Trackingcited by 46
  14. 2022PhoCaL: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Category-Level Object Pose Estimation with Photometrically Challenging Objectscited by 45
  15. 2023ZS6D: Zero-shot 6D Object Pose Estimation using Vision Transformerscited by 45
  16. 2022OVE6D: Object Viewpoint Encoding for Depth-based 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 43
  17. 2021StereOBJ-1M: Large-scale Stereo Image Dataset for 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 40
  18. 2023EgoObjects: A Large-Scale Egocentric Dataset for Fine-Grained Object Understandingcited by 39
  19. 2024Deep Learning-Based Object Pose Estimation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 39
  20. 2023NOPE: Novel Object Pose Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 38
  21. 2022DPODv2: Dense Correspondence-Based 6 DoF Pose Estimationcited by 32
  22. 2024GenFlow: Generalizable Recurrent Flow for 6D Pose Refinement of Novel Objectscited by 32
  23. 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
  24. 2024MatchU: Matching Unseen Objects for 6D Pose Estimation from RGB-D Imagescited by 28
  25. 2022TexPose: Neural Texture Learning for Self-Supervised 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 23
  26. 2023Challenges for Monocular 6D Object Pose Estimation in Roboticscited by 21
  27. 2023ZeroPose: CAD-Prompted Zero-shot Object 6D Pose Estimation in Cluttered Scenescited by 20
  28. 2022ES6D: A Computation Efficient and Symmetry-Aware 6D Pose Regression Frameworkcited by 19
  29. 2023ARMBench: An Object-centric Benchmark Dataset for Robotic Manipulationcited by 18
  30. 2025BOP Challenge 2024 on Model-Based and Model-Free 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 18
  31. 2021StablePose: Learning 6D Object Poses from Geometrically Stable Patchescited by 17
  32. 2022Fusing Local Similarities for Retrieval-based 3D Orientation Estimation of Unseen Objectscited by 17
  33. 2022Leveraging Equivariant Features for Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 17
  34. 2022SC6D: Symmetry-agnostic and Correspondence-free 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 17
  35. 2023Confronting Ambiguity in 6D Object Pose Estimation via Score-Based Diffusion on SE(3)cited by 17
  36. 2023HiPose: Hierarchical Binary Surface Encoding and Correspondence Pruning for RGB-D 6DoF Object Pose Estimationcited by 17
  37. 2024Adapting Pre-Trained Vision Models for Novel Instance Detection and Segmentationcited by 17
  38. 2025One2Any: One-Reference 6D Pose Estimation for Any Objectcited by 17

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