T-LESS: An RGB-D Dataset for 6D Pose Estimation of Texture-less Objects
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce T-LESS, a new public dataset for estimating the 6D pose, i.e. translation and rotation, of texture-less rigid objects. The dataset features thirty industry-relevant objects with no significant texture and no discriminative color or reflectance properties. The objects exhibit symmetries and mutual similarities in shape and/or size. Compared to other datasets, a unique property is that some of the objects are parts of others. The dataset includes training and test images that were captured with three synchronized sensors, specifically a structured-light and a time-of-flight RGB-D sensor and a high-resolution RGB camera. There are approximately 39K training and 10K test images from each sensor. Additionally, two types of 3D models are provided for each object, i.e. a manually created CAD model and a semi-automatically reconstructed one. Training images depict individual objects against a black background. Test images originate from twenty test scenes having varying complexity, which increases from simple scenes with several isolated objects to very challenging ones with multiple instances of several objects and with a high amount of clutter and occlusion. The images were captured from a systematically sampled view sphere around the object/scene, and are annotated with accurate ground truth 6D poses of all modeled objects. Initial evaluation results indicate that the state of the art in 6D object pose estimation has ample room for improvement, especially in difficult cases with significant occlusion. The T-LESS dataset is available online at cmp.felk.cvut.cz/t-less.
Key facts. Cited by 210 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 19 Jan 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 24; 2022: 41; 2023: 39; 2024: 39; 2025: 44; 2026: 23.
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- 2023FoundationPose: Unified 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking of Novel Objectscited by 411
- 2022MegaPose: 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects via Render & Comparecited by 198
- 2023Aria Digital Twin: A New Benchmark Dataset for Egocentric 3D Machine Perceptioncited by 166
- 2021GDRNPP: A Geometry-guided and Fully Learning-based Object Pose Estimatorcited by 148
- 2021FFB6D: A Full Flow Bidirectional Fusion Network for 6D Pose Estimationcited by 144
- 2024HOT3D: Hand and Object Tracking in 3D from Egocentric Multi-View Videoscited by 122
- 2021FS-Net: Fast Shape-based Network for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation with Decoupled Rotation Mechanismcited by 121
- 2023GigaPose: Fast and Robust Novel Object Pose Estimation via One Correspondencecited by 113
- 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Featurescited by 109
- 2021SurfEmb: Dense and Continuous Correspondence Distributions for Object Pose Estimation with Learnt Surface Embeddingscited by 95
- 2023CNOS: A Strong Baseline for CAD-based Novel Object Segmentationcited by 86
- 20226-DoF Pose Estimation of Household Objects for Robotic Manipulation: An Accessible Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 85
38 more
- 2022FS6D: Few-Shot 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objectscited by 81
- 2022OSOP: A Multi-Stage One Shot Object Pose Estimation Frameworkcited by 81
- 2023BOP Challenge 2022 on Detection, Segmentation and Pose Estimation of Specific Rigid Objectscited by 70
- 2021Implicit-PDF: Non-Parametric Representation of Probability Distributions on the Rotation Manifoldcited by 65
- 2024BOP Challenge 2023 on Detection, Segmentation and Pose Estimation of Seen and Unseen Rigid Objectscited by 60
- 2022NeRF-Pose: A First-Reconstruct-Then-Regress Approach for Weakly-supervised 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 57
- 2023FreeZe: Training-free zero-shot 6D pose estimation with geometric and vision foundation modelscited by 56
- 2022Templates for 3D Object Pose Estimation Revisited: Generalization to New Objects and Robustness to Occlusionscited by 54
- 2022HouseCat6D -- A Large-Scale Multi-Modal Category Level 6D Object Perception Dataset with Household Objects in Realistic Scenarioscited by 51
- 2022Coupled Iterative Refinement for 6D Multi-Object Pose Estimationcited by 48
- 2024Omni6DPose: A Benchmark and Model for Universal 6D Object Pose Estimation and Trackingcited by 48
- 2023IndustReal: A Dataset for Procedure Step Recognition Handling Execution Errors in Egocentric Videos in an Industrial-Like Settingcited by 46
- 2024Introducing HOT3D: An Egocentric Dataset for 3D Hand and Object Trackingcited by 46
- 2022PhoCaL: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Category-Level Object Pose Estimation with Photometrically Challenging Objectscited by 45
- 2023ZS6D: Zero-shot 6D Object Pose Estimation using Vision Transformerscited by 45
- 2022OVE6D: Object Viewpoint Encoding for Depth-based 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 43
- 2021StereOBJ-1M: Large-scale Stereo Image Dataset for 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 40
- 2023EgoObjects: A Large-Scale Egocentric Dataset for Fine-Grained Object Understandingcited by 39
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Object Pose Estimation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 39
- 2023NOPE: Novel Object Pose Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 38
- 2022DPODv2: Dense Correspondence-Based 6 DoF Pose Estimationcited by 32
- 2024GenFlow: Generalizable Recurrent Flow for 6D Pose Refinement of Novel Objectscited by 32
- 2021Deep Learning on Monocular Object Pose Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Overviewcited by 31
- 2024MatchU: Matching Unseen Objects for 6D Pose Estimation from RGB-D Imagescited by 28
- 2022TexPose: Neural Texture Learning for Self-Supervised 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 23
- 2023Challenges for Monocular 6D Object Pose Estimation in Roboticscited by 21
- 2023ZeroPose: CAD-Prompted Zero-shot Object 6D Pose Estimation in Cluttered Scenescited by 20
- 2022ES6D: A Computation Efficient and Symmetry-Aware 6D Pose Regression Frameworkcited by 19
- 2023ARMBench: An Object-centric Benchmark Dataset for Robotic Manipulationcited by 18
- 2025BOP Challenge 2024 on Model-Based and Model-Free 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 18
- 2021StablePose: Learning 6D Object Poses from Geometrically Stable Patchescited by 17
- 2022Fusing Local Similarities for Retrieval-based 3D Orientation Estimation of Unseen Objectscited by 17
- 2022Leveraging Equivariant Features for Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 17
- 2022SC6D: Symmetry-agnostic and Correspondence-free 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 17
- 2023Confronting Ambiguity in 6D Object Pose Estimation via Score-Based Diffusion on SE(3)cited by 17
- 2023HiPose: Hierarchical Binary Surface Encoding and Correspondence Pruning for RGB-D 6DoF Object Pose Estimationcited by 17
- 2024Adapting Pre-Trained Vision Models for Novel Instance Detection and Segmentationcited by 17
- 2025One2Any: One-Reference 6D Pose Estimation for Any Objectcited by 17
50 most cited of 210 All 210 (JSON)
- 2026Back to the Feature: Zero-Shot 6DoF Pose Estimation via Dense Local Features6 Sep 2026
- 2026CLON: Cue-Calibrated Linguistic Object Onboarding for Zero-Shot 6D Pose Front-Ends4 Sep 2026
- 2026What Do Scan-Derived Class Prototypes Add? Disentangling Supervision, Prototype Content and Query Protocol in Recognition over Frozen Foundation Features3 Sep 2026
- 2026When 3D Gaussian Splatting Recovers Real Surfaces30 Aug 2026
- 2026A Geometry-Driven, Framework-Agnostic Optimization for Object Pose Estimation27 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust PnP on a Neuromorphic Processor for Object Pose Estimation18 Jul 2026
- 2026Toward Active Object Detection for UAVs in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset, Benchmark and Method10 Jul 2026
- 2026GraspIT: A Dataset Bridging the Sim-to-Real gap and back for Validated Grasping SE(3) Pose Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026MVM-IOD: An Industrial Object-Centric Benchmark Dataset for the Evaluation of 3D Reconstruction Methods15 Jun 2026
- 2026SADGE: Structure and Appearance Domain Gap Estimation of Synthetic and Real Data21 May 2026
- 2026Towards Symmetry-sensitive Pose Estimation: A Rotation Representation for Symmetric Object Classes20 Apr 2026
- 2026Exploring 6D Object Pose Estimation with Deformation8 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026EgoXtreme: A Dataset for Robust Object Pose Estimation in Egocentric Views under Extreme Conditions26 Mar 2026
- 2026MultiCam: On-the-fly Multi-Camera Pose Estimation Using Spatiotemporal Overlaps of Known Objects24 Mar 2026
- 2026MessyKitchens: Contact-rich object-level 3D scene reconstruction17 Mar 2026
- 2026Classifying Novel 3D-Printed Objects without Retraining: Towards Post-Production Automation in Additive Manufacturing8 Mar 2026
- 2026SynthRender and I-AsSET: Open-Source Framework and Dataset for Bidirectional Sim-Real Transfer in Industrial Object Perception24 Feb 2026
- 2026CAD-Prompted SAM3: Geometry-Conditioned Instance Segmentation for Industrial Objects24 Feb 2026
- 2026Generative 6D Pose Estimation via Conditional Flow Matching23 Feb 2026
- 2026NVS-HO: A Benchmark for Novel View Synthesis of Handheld Objects5 Feb 2026
- 2026IndustryShapes: An RGB-D Benchmark dataset for 6D object pose estimation of industrial assembly components and tools5 Feb 2026
- 2026Finding NeMO: A Geometry-Aware Representation of Template Views for Few-Shot Perception4 Feb 2026
- 2026MixRI: Mixing Features of Reference Images for Novel Object Pose Estimation11 Jan 2026
- 2025AlignPose: Generalizable 6D Pose Estimation via Multi-view Feature-metric Alignment23 Dec 2025
- 2025PoseGAM: Robust Unseen Object Pose Estimation via Geometry-Aware Multi-View Reasoning11 Dec 2025
- 2025Geo6DPose: Fast Zero-Shot 6D Object Pose Estimation via Geometry-Filtered Feature Matching11 Dec 2025
- 2025UAV-MM3D: A Large-Scale Synthetic Benchmark for 3D Perception of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Multi-Modal Data27 Nov 2025
- 2025LAA3D: A Benchmark of Detecting and Tracking Low-Altitude Aircraft in 3D Space24 Nov 2025
- 2025AnyBox: Efficient Zero-Shot 9DoF Pose Estimation of Boxes for Robotic Manipulation19 Nov 2025
- 2025WALDO: Where Unseen Model-based 6D Pose Estimation Meets Occlusion19 Nov 2025
- 2025OPFormer: Object Pose Estimation leveraging foundation model with geometric encoding16 Nov 2025
- 2025STORM: Segment, Track, and Object Re-Localization from a Single Image12 Nov 2025
- 2025RayPose: Ray Bundling Diffusion for Template Views in Unseen 6D Object Pose Estimation21 Oct 2025
- 2025MUSE: Model-based Uncertainty-aware Similarity Estimation for zero-shot 2D Object Detection and Segmentation15 Oct 2025
- 2025HccePose(BF): Predicting Front & Back Surfaces to Construct Ultra-Dense 2D-3D Correspondences for Pose Estimation11 Oct 2025
- 2025IMD: A 6-DoF Pose Estimation Benchmark for Industrial Metallic Objects15 Sep 2025
- 2025Australian Supermarket Object Set (ASOS): A Benchmark Dataset of Physical Objects and 3D Models for Robotics and Computer Vision9 Sep 2025
- 2025UnPose: Uncertainty-Guided Diffusion Priors for Zero-Shot Pose Estimation21 Aug 2025
- 2025MR6D: Benchmarking 6D Pose Estimation for Mobile Robots19 Aug 2025
- 2025MVTOP: Multi-View Transformer-based Object Pose-Estimation5 Aug 2025
- 2025SenseShift6D: Multimodal RGB-D Benchmarking for Robust 6D Pose Estimation across Environment and Sensor Variations8 Jul 2025
- 2025Active Control Points-based 6DoF Pose Tracking for Industrial Metal Objects2 Jul 2025
- 2025NOCTIS: Novel Object Cyclic Threshold based Instance Segmentation2 Jul 2025
- 2025Computer Vision for Objects used in Group Work: Challenges and Opportunities30 Jun 2025
- 2025Accurate and efficient zero-shot 6D pose estimation with frozen foundation models11 Jun 2025
- 2025CHIP: A multi-sensor dataset for 6D pose estimation of chairs in industrial settings11 Jun 2025
- 2025GoTrack: Generic 6DoF Object Pose Refinement and Tracking8 Jun 2025
- 2025XYZ-IBD: Benchmarking Robust 6D Object Pose Estimation under Real-World Industrial Complexity31 May 2025
- 2025One2Any: One-Reference 6D Pose Estimation for Any Object7 May 2025
- 2025Corr2Distrib: Making Ambiguous Correspondences an Ally to Predict Reliable 6D Pose Distributions5 May 2025
50 newest of 210 All 210 (JSON)
- 2024Object Pose Estimation via the Aggregation of Diffusion Featurescited by 12
- 2025HIPPo: Harnessing Image-to-3D Priors for Model-free Zero-shot 6D Pose Estimationcited by 4
- 2025UnPose: Uncertainty-Guided Diffusion Priors for Zero-Shot Pose Estimationcited by 2
- 2026Generative 6D Pose Estimation via Conditional Flow Matchingcited by 1
- 2026Generative 6D Pose Estimation via Conditional Flow Matching23 Feb 2026
- 2025UnPose: Uncertainty-Guided Diffusion Priors for Zero-Shot Pose Estimation21 Aug 2025
- 2025HIPPo: Harnessing Image-to-3D Priors for Model-free Zero-shot 6D Pose Estimation14 Feb 2025
- 2024Object Pose Estimation via the Aggregation of Diffusion Features27 Mar 2024
- 2023FoundationPose: Unified 6D Pose Estimation and Tracking of Novel Objectscited by 411
- 2022MegaPose: 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects via Render & Comparecited by 198
- 2023Aria Digital Twin: A New Benchmark Dataset for Egocentric 3D Machine Perceptioncited by 166
- 2021GDRNPP: A Geometry-guided and Fully Learning-based Object Pose Estimatorcited by 148
- 2021FFB6D: A Full Flow Bidirectional Fusion Network for 6D Pose Estimationcited by 144
- 2024HOT3D: Hand and Object Tracking in 3D from Egocentric Multi-View Videoscited by 122
- 2021FS-Net: Fast Shape-based Network for Category-Level 6D Object Pose Estimation with Decoupled Rotation Mechanismcited by 121
- 2023GigaPose: Fast and Robust Novel Object Pose Estimation via One Correspondencecited by 113
- 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Featurescited by 109
- 2021SurfEmb: Dense and Continuous Correspondence Distributions for Object Pose Estimation with Learnt Surface Embeddingscited by 95
- 2023CNOS: A Strong Baseline for CAD-based Novel Object Segmentationcited by 86
- 20226-DoF Pose Estimation of Household Objects for Robotic Manipulation: An Accessible Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 85
12 most cited of 206 All 206 (JSON)
- 2026Back to the Feature: Zero-Shot 6DoF Pose Estimation via Dense Local Features6 Sep 2026
- 2026CLON: Cue-Calibrated Linguistic Object Onboarding for Zero-Shot 6D Pose Front-Ends4 Sep 2026
- 2026What Do Scan-Derived Class Prototypes Add? Disentangling Supervision, Prototype Content and Query Protocol in Recognition over Frozen Foundation Features3 Sep 2026
- 2026When 3D Gaussian Splatting Recovers Real Surfaces30 Aug 2026
- 2026A Geometry-Driven, Framework-Agnostic Optimization for Object Pose Estimation27 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust PnP on a Neuromorphic Processor for Object Pose Estimation18 Jul 2026
- 2026Toward Active Object Detection for UAVs in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset, Benchmark and Method10 Jul 2026
- 2026GraspIT: A Dataset Bridging the Sim-to-Real gap and back for Validated Grasping SE(3) Pose Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026MVM-IOD: An Industrial Object-Centric Benchmark Dataset for the Evaluation of 3D Reconstruction Methods15 Jun 2026
- 2026SADGE: Structure and Appearance Domain Gap Estimation of Synthetic and Real Data21 May 2026
- 2026Towards Symmetry-sensitive Pose Estimation: A Rotation Representation for Symmetric Object Classes20 Apr 2026
- 2026Exploring 6D Object Pose Estimation with Deformation8 Apr 2026
12 newest of 206 All 206 (JSON)