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Question Answering with Subgraph Embeddings

arXiv 1406.3676 ↗First posted 14 Jun 2014cs.CLcited by 56

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents a system which learns to answer questions on a broad range of topics from a knowledge base using few hand-crafted features. Our model learns low-dimensional embeddings of words and knowledge base constituents; these representations are used to score natural language questions against candidate answers. Training our system using pairs of questions and structured representations of their answers, and pairs of question paraphrases, yields competitive results on a competitive benchmark of the literature.

Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Jun 2014.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 21; 2022: 16; 2023: 9; 2024: 9; 2025: 1.

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  1. 2022A-OKVQA: A Benchmark for Visual Question Answering using World Knowledgecited by 702
  2. 2023Don't Trust ChatGPT when Your Question is not in English: A Study of Multilingual Abilities and Types of LLMscited by 103
  3. 2024STaRK: Benchmarking LLM Retrieval on Textual and Relational Knowledge Basescited by 53
  4. 2021Complex Knowledge Base Question Answering: A Surveycited by 52
  5. 2022Adversarial Robustness of Deep Neural Networks: A Survey from a Formal Verification Perspectivecited by 41
  6. 2021Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion using Box Embeddingscited by 34
  7. 2021Program Transfer for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Basescited by 34
  8. 2022HiURE: Hierarchical Exemplar Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Relation Extractioncited by 32
  9. 2021Improving Deep Learning for HAR with shallow LSTMscited by 30
  10. 2024Fact-and-Reflection (FaR) Improves Confidence Calibration of Large Language Modelscited by 27
  11. 2021Network Representation Learning: From Preprocessing, Feature Extraction to Node Embeddingcited by 19
  12. 2021Personalized Food Recommendation as Constrained Question Answering over a Large-scale Food Knowledge Graphcited by 17
38 more
  1. 2021Outlining and Filling: Hierarchical Query Graph Generation for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Graphscited by 16
  2. 2021Convolutional Hypercomplex Embeddings for Link Predictioncited by 15
  3. 2022Hypergraph Transformer: Weakly-supervised Multi-hop Reasoning for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answeringcited by 15
  4. 2021Complex Factoid Question Answering with a Free-Text Knowledge Graphcited by 14
  5. 2021Hyperbolic Temporal Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Relational and Time Curvaturescited by 12
  6. 2021Context-aware Entity Typing in Knowledge Graphscited by 12
  7. 2021Robust Knowledge Graph Completion with Stacked Convolutions and a Student Re-Ranking Networkcited by 11
  8. 2023Expressivity and Approximation Properties of Deep Neural Networks with ReLUk Activationcited by 8
  9. 2024A Survey of Calibration Process for Black-Box LLMscited by 8
  10. 2021Graph-augmented Learning to Rank for Querying Large-scale Knowledge Graphcited by 7
  11. 2022KGTuner: Efficient Hyper-parameter Search for Knowledge Graph Learningcited by 7
  12. 2023Quantifying and Defending against Privacy Threats on Federated Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 7
  13. 2023Explanatory Argument Extraction of Correct Answers in Resident Medical Examscited by 6
  14. 2021A Chinese Multi-type Complex Questions Answering Dataset over Wikidatacited by 5
  15. 2022QAGCN: Answering Multi-Relation Questions via Single-Step Implicit Reasoning over Knowledge Graphscited by 5
  16. 2022RulE: Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Rule Embeddingcited by 5
  17. 2024Knowledge-Enhanced Conversational Recommendation via Transformer-based Sequential Modellingcited by 5
  18. 2025Injecting Knowledge Graphs into Large Language Modelscited by 5
  19. 2021Attention-based Aspect Reasoning for Knowledge Base Question Answering on Clinical Notescited by 4
  20. 2021"A Passage to India": Pre-trained Word Embeddings for Indian Languagescited by 4
  21. 2024Demystifying Higher-Order Graph Neural Networkscited by 4
  22. 2021DRILL-- Deep Reinforcement Learning for Refinement Operators in ALCcited by 3
  23. 2021Fact-Tree Reasoning for N-ary Question Answering over Knowledge Graphscited by 2
  24. 2022Explainable Sparse Knowledge Graph Completion via High-order Graph Reasoning Networkcited by 2
  25. 2022Models and Benchmarks for Representation Learning of Partially Observed Subgraphscited by 2
  26. 2023VisKoP: Visual Knowledge oriented Programming for Interactive Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 2
  27. 2023Question Answering with Deep Neural Networks for Semi-Structured Heterogeneous Genealogical Knowledge Graphscited by 2
  28. 2021Question-Aware Memory Network for Multi-hop Question Answering in Human-Robot Interactioncited by 1
  29. 2021KGRefiner: Knowledge Graph Refinement for Improving Accuracy of Translational Link Prediction Methodscited by 1
  30. 2022Spatio-Temporal Relation Learning for Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
  31. 2023IslamicPCQA: A Dataset for Persian Multi-hop Complex Question Answering in Islamic Text Resourcescited by 1
  32. 2023Semantic Parsing for Question Answering over Knowledge Graphscited by 1
  33. 2024Semantic Parsing with Candidate Expressions for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 1
  34. 2024Lexicalization Is All You Need: Examining the Impact of Lexical Knowledge in a Compositional QALD Systemcited by 1
  35. 2024Generalizing Weisfeiler-Lehman Kernels to Subgraphscited by 1
  36. 2021Recent Advances in Automated Question Answering In Biomedical Domaincited by 0
  37. 2022Knowledgebra: An Algebraic Learning Framework for Knowledge Graphcited by 0
  38. 2022A Method of Query Graph Reranking for Knowledge Base Question Answeringcited by 0

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