OpenMobile-2: Building Versatile Mobile Agents with Scalable Environments and App-Native Tools
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → GUI and mobile agents
Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce OpenMobile-2, a near-frontier mobile agent with fully open training environments and recipes. We make three key advances: (1) Diverse environments with simulated commercial apps: We build MobileGym++, featuring 35 realistic, functionally rich commercial-style apps with cross-app workflows, while preserving full controllability for reset and verification. Together with newly configured apps in Android emulators, this yields a diverse playground spanning over 110 apps. (2) Open training data at scale: Building on this foundation, we curate nearly 12K mobile interaction trajectories for supervised fine-tuning and the largest open collection of verifiable RL training data for mobile agents, comprising over 2K executable tasks with automatic rewards. (3) Hybrid GUI and app-native tool use: We explore an experimental mobile-use setting where apps expose selected functionalities as app-native tools alongside their GUIs, allowing agents to interleave GUI actions and tool calls within a task. We implement this setting in MobileGym++ with over 300 carefully scoped tools across 50+ apps. Additionally, we introduce MobileGym++ Bench for complex, long-horizon commercial mobile scenarios, supporting both GUI-only and hybrid GUI-tool evaluation on a shared task suite. OpenMobile-2 performs competitively across established benchmarks, including AndroidWorld (79.9) and MobileWorld (50.4), while showing promising transfer to real-device mobile use, nearly doubling SPA-Bench performance from 31.9 to 59.6. All resources are available at https://os-copilot.github.io/OpenMobile2-Home/.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in GUI and mobile agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 47 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2026.
Builds on
47 of 49 references.
Closest ancestors · 36
Same direction, newest first
- 2026Improving Proficiency and Efficiency of Android GUI Agents via Self-Generating Tool Actions6 Sep
- 2026CUA-Universe: A Scalable and Dynamic Environment for Hybrid GUI+CLI Agents4 Sep
- 2026UI-Venus-2 Technical Report27 Aug
- 2026Screenshots or Tools? Eliciting Tool Use and Managing Multimodal Context in Hybrid GUI-MCP Computer-Use Agents4 Aug
- 2026Qwen-UI-Agent Technical Report: Toward Next-Generation Real-World Centric Foundation GUI Agents30 Jul
- 2026HyMobileAgent: Data-Environment Co-Scaling for Efficient GUI Agents16 Jul
- 2026AndroidDaily: A Verifiable Benchmark for Mobile GUI Agents on Real-World Closed-Source Applications26 May
- 2026MobileGym: A Verifiable and Highly Parallel Simulation Platform for Mobile GUI Agent Research25 May
- 2026ScaleWoB: Guiding GUI Agents with Coding Agents via Large-Scale Environmental Synthesis24 May
- 2026ToolCUA: Towards Optimal GUI-Tool Path Orchestration for Computer Use Agents12 May
- 2026OpenMobile: Building Open Mobile Agents with Task and Trajectory Synthesis16 Apr
- 2026MobiFlow: Real-World Mobile Agent Benchmarking through Trajectory Fusion28 Feb
24 more
- 2026Mobile-Agent-v3.5: Multi-platform Fundamental GUI Agents15 Feb
- 2026GUI-GENESIS: Automated Synthesis of Efficient Environments with Verifiable Rewards for GUI Agent Post-Training15 Feb
- 2026UI-Venus-1.5 Technical Report9 Feb
- 2026MobileBench-OL: A Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Mobile GUI Agents in Real-World Environment28 Jan
- 2025MAI-UI Technical Report: Real-World Centric Foundation GUI Agents26 Dec
- 2025MobileWorld: Benchmarking Autonomous Mobile Agents in Agent-User Interactive and MCP-Augmented Environments22 Dec
- 2025OSWorld-MCP: Benchmarking MCP Tool Invocation In Computer-Use Agents28 Oct
- 2025MAS-Bench: A Unified Benchmark for Shortcut-Augmented Hybrid Mobile GUI Agents8 Sep
- 2025UI-TARS-2 Technical Report: Advancing GUI Agent with Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning2 Sep
- 2025Mobile-Agent-v3: Fundamental Agents for GUI Automation21 Aug
- 2025MCPWorld: A Unified Benchmarking Testbed for API, GUI, and Hybrid Computer Use Agents9 Jun
- 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agents21 Jan
- 2025A3: Android Agent Arena for Mobile GUI Agents with Essential-State Procedural Evaluation2 Jan
- 2024OS-Genesis: Automating GUI Agent Trajectory Construction via Reverse Task Synthesis27 Dec
- 2024AndroidLab: Training and Systematic Benchmarking of Android Autonomous Agents31 Oct
- 2024OS-ATLAS: A Foundation Action Model for Generalist GUI Agents30 Oct
- 2024AutoGLM: Autonomous Foundation Agents for GUIs28 Oct
- 2024SPA-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for SmartPhone Agent Evaluation19 Oct
- 2024On the Effects of Data Scale on UI Control Agents6 Jun
- 2024Android in the Zoo: Chain-of-Action-Thought for GUI Agents5 Mar
- 2024Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perception29 Jan
- 2024SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents17 Jan
- 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users21 Dec
- 2023CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents14 Dec
Other references · 11
- 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
- 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 2,810
- 2024HybridFlow: A Flexible and Efficient RLHF Frameworkcited by 2,057
- 2024AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agentscited by 468
- 2024AppWorld: A Controllable World of Apps and People for Benchmarking Interactive Coding Agentscited by 401
- 2023Android in the Wild: A Large-Scale Dataset for Android Device Controlcited by 319
- 2024GUIOdyssey: A Comprehensive Dataset for Cross-App GUI Navigation on Mobile Devicescited by 194
- 2025ScienceBoard: Evaluating Multimodal Autonomous Agents in Realistic Scientific Workflowscited by 52
- 2026OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agentcited by 21
- 2025OS-Sentinel: Towards Safety-Enhanced Mobile GUI Agents via Hybrid Validation in Realistic Workflowscited by 19
- 2026OSReward: Instituting Standardized Evaluation for Cross-Platform Computer-Use Reward Modelscited by 2
Built on by
Not cited yet.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026PalmClaw: A Native On-Device Agent Framework for Mobile Phones
- 2026APPSim-Bench: Bridging Real-world Apps and Reproducible Evaluation for Mobile GUI Agents
- 2024MobileAgentBench: An Efficient and User-Friendly Benchmark for Mobile LLM Agents
- 2025AppCopilot: Toward General, Accurate, Long-Horizon, and Efficient Mobile Agent
- 2025OpenPhone: Mobile Agentic Foundation Models
- 2026PhoneBuddy: Training Open Models for Agentic Phone Use
- 2025Mobile-Bench-v2: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Benchmark for VLM-based Mobile Agents
- 2026VenusBench-Mobile: A Challenging and User-Centric Benchmark for Mobile GUI Agents with Capability Diagnostics