mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Are Frontier VLM Agents Ready to Be Robot Generalists? An Empirical Study with the Embodied Agent Arena

arXiv 2610.00854 ↗First posted 1 Oct 2026cs.ROcited by 0

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Embodied and 3D vision-language models

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Abstract (arXiv)

Frontier vision-language models (VLMs) increasingly estimate scenes, ground interactions, and generate executable actions. How far these native capabilities support embodied generalism across diverse tasks remains unclear. We introduce Embodied Agent Arena to assess seven VLM agents across Geometry, Spatial Reasoning, Affordance, Task Planning, and Manipulation. The arena contains 1,000 cases drawn from 32 established sources and GeoProbe, our new benchmark for geometric estimation on Blender renders and real-scene images. A minimal harness preserves source observations and operations while leaving perception, reasoning, and action selection to the model. Separate measures of metric precision, functional grounding, and native goal completion connect local competence to complete task outcomes. Astra's strengths in precise estimation and usable-contact localization coexist with endpoint errors in tracing and low household-task completion. Supplementary comparisons of richer observations and multi-round review show model- and task-dependent effects. Current VLM agents thus fall short of embodied generalism: they often make partial progress without satisfying all task goals within allotted time and interaction budgets.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Embodied and 3D vision-language models, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 66 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Oct 2026.

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66 of 71 references.

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  1. 2026World Action Agent: Harnessing VLMs for Robot Manipulation via World Action Rehearsal24 Sep
  2. 2026Robo-Harness K1: Harnessing Robot-Use Agents via Perception Augmentation24 Sep
  3. 2026SpatialClaw: Rethinking Action Interface for Agentic Spatial Reasoning11 Jun
  4. 2026RoboStressBench: Benchmarking VLM Robustness to Physical Visual Stress in Embodied Scenes30 May
  5. 2026PLanAR: Planning-Language-Grounded Agentic Reasoning for Robot Manipulation2 Feb
  6. 2025Towards Spatial Trace with Reasoning in Vision-Language Models for Robotics15 Dec
  7. 2025Geometrically-Constrained Agent for Spatial Reasoning27 Nov
  8. 2025BOP-ASK: Object-Interaction Reasoning for Vision-Language Models20 Nov
  9. 2025Dissecting Embodied Abilities in Multimodal Language Models through Skill-level Evaluation and Diagnosis9 Oct
  10. 2025Affordance-R1: Reinforcement Learning for Generalizable Affordance Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Model8 Aug
  11. 2025MindCube: Spatial Mental Modeling from Limited Views26 Jun
  12. 2025MMSI-Bench: A Benchmark for Multi-Image Spatial Intelligence29 May
6 more
  1. 2025Multi-SpatialMLLM: Multi-Frame Spatial Understanding with Multi-Modal Large Language Models22 May
  2. 2025EmbodiedBench: Comprehensive Benchmarking Multi-modal Large Language Models for Vision-Driven Embodied Agents13 Feb
  3. 2025EmbodiedEval: Evaluate Multimodal LLMs as Embodied Agents21 Jan
  4. 2024Thinking in Space: How Multimodal Large Language Models See, Remember, and Recall Spaces18 Dec
  5. 2024RoboSpatial: Teaching Spatial Understanding to 2D and 3D Vision-Language Models for Robotics25 Nov
  6. 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control28 Jul

Other references · 48

  1. 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,777
  2. 2022Do As I Can, Not As I Say: Grounding Language in Robotic Affordancescited by 2,302
  3. 2024π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Controlcited by 2,297
  4. 2022RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scalecited by 2,007
  5. 2024Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policycited by 1,427
  6. 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
  7. 2022Code as Policies: Language Model Programs for Embodied Controlcited by 1,172
  8. 2020ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learningcited by 1,143
  9. 2022Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Modelscited by 1,057
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  11. 2019ALFRED: A Benchmark for Interpreting Grounded Instructions for Everyday Taskscited by 773
  12. 2023VoxPoser: Composable 3D Value Maps for Robotic Manipulation with Language Modelscited by 733
36 more
  1. 2019RLBench: The Robot Learning Benchmark & Learning Environmentcited by 669
  2. 2021CLIPort: What and Where Pathways for Robotic Manipulationcited by 617
  3. 2022ProgPrompt: Generating Situated Robot Task Plans using Large Language Modelscited by 598
  4. 2023LightGlue: Local Feature Matching at Light Speedcited by 583
  5. 2021CALVIN: A Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Policy Learning for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation Taskscited by 564
  6. 2025RoboTwin 2.0: A Scalable Data Generator and Benchmark with Strong Domain Randomization for Robust Bimanual Robotic Manipulationcited by 477
  7. 2018VirtualHome: Simulating Household Activities via Programscited by 411
  8. 2022VIMA: General Robot Manipulation with Multimodal Promptscited by 403
  9. 2024RoboCasa: Large-Scale Simulation of Everyday Tasks for Generalist Robotscited by 391
  10. 2022ScienceWorld: Is your Agent Smarter than a 5th Grader?cited by 298
  11. 2024ManiSkill3: GPU Parallelized Robotics Simulation and Rendering for Generalizable Embodied AIcited by 216
  12. 2024VLABench: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Language-Conditioned Robotics Manipulation with Long-Horizon Reasoning Taskscited by 171
  13. 2024Embodied Agent Interface: Benchmarking LLMs for Embodied Decision Makingcited by 142
  14. 2024BEHAVIOR-1K: A Human-Centered, Embodied AI Benchmark with 1,000 Everyday Activities and Realistic Simulationcited by 140
  15. 20243DSRBench: A Comprehensive 3D Spatial Reasoning Benchmarkcited by 133
  16. 2023RoboVQA: Multimodal Long-Horizon Reasoning for Roboticscited by 116
  17. 2022Map-free Visual Relocalization: Metric Pose Relative to a Single Imagecited by 112
  18. 2024DISCOVERYWORLD: A Virtual Environment for Developing and Evaluating Automated Scientific Discovery Agentscited by 89
  19. 2026CaP-X: A Framework for Benchmarking and Improving Coding Agents for Robot Manipulationcited by 72
  20. 2023DoReMi: Grounding Language Model by Detecting and Recovering from Plan-Execution Misalignmentcited by 58
  21. 2023Understanding 3D Object Interaction from a Single Imagecited by 33
  22. 2025DependEval: Benchmarking LLMs for Repository Dependency Understandingcited by 16
  23. 2025RAGNet: Large-scale Reasoning-based Affordance Segmentation Benchmark towards General Graspingcited by 11
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  25. 2025Text-Visual Semantic Constrained AI-Generated Image Quality Assessmentcited by 6
  26. 2025EvoEmpirBench: Dynamic Spatial Reasoning with Agent-ExpVercited by 5
  27. 2025A4-Agent: An Agentic Framework for Zero-Shot Affordance Reasoningcited by 4
  28. 2026WorldLines: Benchmarking and Modeling Long-Horizon Stateful Embodied Agentscited by 4
  29. 2026In-Context Robot Learning with VLM Agentscited by 4
  30. 2026Affordance Agent Harness: Verification-Gated Skill Orchestrationcited by 3
  31. 2025InFlux: A Benchmark for Self-Calibration of Dynamic Intrinsics of Video Camerascited by 2
  32. 2026STAR: Mitigating Cascading Errors in Spatial Reasoning via Turn-point Alignment and Segment-level DPOcited by 2
  33. 2026Find, Fix, Reason: Context Repair for Video Reasoningcited by 2
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  35. 2026Hard Vision, Easy Vision: What GPT-6 Astra Reveals Across Computer Visioncited by 1
  36. 2026In-Context Learning for Robots: Methods and Applicationscited by 1

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