Stabilizing Trajectory Outputs in End-to-End Autonomous Driving via SC-IMM Based Teacher Signals
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners
Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-End autonomous driving models commonly predict future waypoints from sensor inputs and convert them into vehicle control commands through a downstream controller. However, conventional waypoint-based imitation learning mainly minimizes coordinate-level errors, making it difficult to capture scene-dependent path-speed changes and temporal instability across waypoint outputs. In this paper, we propose an offline teacher-signal generation and learning method for trajectory-output stabilization based on a Scene-Conditioned Interacting Multiple Model (SC-IMM) to mitigate this issue. The proposed method converts expert trajectories into path-speed states and performs IMM updates conditioned on scene cues to generate path-speed teacher labels and mode posterior probabilities. The generated signals are added to the original trajectory loss as auxiliary supervision during training, while the inference structure and waypoint controller remain unchanged. In closed-loop evaluation on 100 short routes in CARLA Town12, the proposed method improved the driving score by 28.0% and reduced Collision/km by 62.3% compared with the baseline, while also improving jerk and trajectory-variation metrics. These results demonstrate that offline teacher signals embedding scene-conditioned motion-model cues can guide trajectory-output driving models toward more stable closed-loop behavior.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 12 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Sep 2026.
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12 of 22 references.
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- 2022Learning from All Vehicles22 Mar
Other references · 11
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 361
- 2019Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 343
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2022Trajectory-guided Control Prediction for End-to-end Autonomous Driving: A Simple yet Strong Baselinecited by 247
- 2025SimLingo: Vision-Only Closed-Loop Autonomous Driving with Language-Action Alignmentcited by 149
- 2025Don't Shake the Wheel: Momentum-Aware Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 84
- 2018On Offline Evaluation of Vision-based Driving Modelscited by 62
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- 2026Addressing the Waypoint-Action Gap in End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Vehicle Motion Models
- 2026Post-Training in End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2019Safer End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Conditional Imitation Learning and Command Augmentation
- 2026Multimodal Action Diffusion for Robust End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2026HorizonDrive: Self-Corrective Autoregressive World Model for Long-horizon Driving Simulation
- 2026Guiding End-to-End Driving Models with Endpoint-Constrained Trajectory Optimization
- 2026Imitation Learning for Autonomous Driving in CARLA
- 2025RoaD: Rollouts as Demonstrations for Closed-Loop Supervised Fine-Tuning of Autonomous Driving Policies