mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Knowing Isn't Always Saying: When Do Spatial Encodings Reach Answers in Vision-Language Models?

arXiv 2608.22916 ↗First posted 24 Aug 2026cs.CLcited by 1

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

Vision-language models are known to encode spatial information in their hidden states, yet often fail to use it when answering. However, it remains unclear when and where this encoded information reaches the answer. We address this with direction patching, a class-conditioned causal intervention applied across layers, token positions, and prompt formats. Using spatial-ID directions constructed following prior encoding evidence, we find that causal influence on answer logits emerges only at mid-to-deep depths. Text chain-of-thought suppresses immediate object-word argmax-level transport in most models, while visually grounded prompts keep it open. Positive target-logit gain can remain below the argmax threshold, and transport can re-emerge at the final prefix token or at the answer step in deeper layers. Across the ten VLMs we study, these local effects form descriptive transport patterns. Complementary experiments characterize how these patterns shift across datasets, attributes, and encoding amplitudes. Together, these results reframe the encoding-grounding gap as a problem of conditional transport in VLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 35 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Aug 2026.

Builds on

35 of 45 references.

Closest ancestors · 5

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026Arbitration Failure, Not Perceptual Blindness: How Vision-Language Models Resolve Visual-Linguistic Conflicts10 Apr
  2. 2025Chain-of-Visual-Thought: Teaching VLMs to See and Think Better with Continuous Visual Tokens24 Nov
  3. 2025Seeing but Not Believing: Probing the Disconnect Between Visual Attention and Answer Correctness in VLMs20 Oct
  4. 2025CoFFT: Chain of Foresight-Focus Thought for Visual Language Models26 Sep
  5. 2025Your Large Vision-Language Model Only Needs A Few Attention Heads For Visual Grounding8 Mar

Other references · 30

  1. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,608
  2. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  3. 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,587
  4. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
  5. 2024LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfercited by 2,719
  6. 2025InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Modelscited by 1,834
  7. 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,824
  8. 2024Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scalingcited by 1,599
  9. 2023Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparencycited by 1,336
  10. 2023Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Modelcited by 1,302
  11. 2022Interpretability in the Wild: a Circuit for Indirect Object Identification in GPT-2 smallcited by 1,165
  12. 2016Modeling Context in Referring Expressionscited by 1,063
18 more
  1. 2023Steering Language Models With Activation Engineeringcited by 922
  2. 2025Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scalingcited by 812
  3. 2022Visual Spatial Reasoningcited by 293
  4. 2023What's "up" with vision-language models? Investigating their struggle with spatial reasoningcited by 254
  5. 2025Why Is Spatial Reasoning Hard for VLMs? An Attention Mechanism Perspective on Focus Areascited by 95
  6. 2026MIRAGE: The Illusion of Visual Understandingcited by 65
  7. 2025VLM-R3: Region Recognition, Reasoning, and Refinement for Enhanced Multimodal Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 49
  8. 2024Unveiling Visual Perception in Language Models: An Attention Head Analysis Approachcited by 35
  9. 2025Head Pursuit: Probing Attention Specialization in Multimodal Transformerscited by 17
  10. 2026Linear Mechanisms for Spatiotemporal Reasoning in Vision Language Modelscited by 14
  11. 2025GroundingME: Exposing the Visual Grounding Gap in MLLMs through Multi-Dimensional Evaluationcited by 9
  12. 2026How Vision Becomes Language: A Layer-wise Information-Theoretic Analysis of Multimodal Reasoningcited by 8
  13. 2026Chain-of-Thought Degrades Visual Spatial Reasoning Capabilities of Multimodal LLMscited by 6
  14. 2026Residual Decoding: Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models via History-Aware Residual Guidancecited by 5
  15. 2026Attention in Space: Functional Roles of VLM Heads for Spatial Reasoningcited by 4
  16. 2026The Dual Mechanisms of Spatial Variable Binding in Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
  17. 2026When Chain-of-Thought Fails, the Solution Hides in the Hidden Statescited by 3
  18. 2026Towards Understanding Multimodal Fine-Tuning: Spatial Featurescited by 1

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

1 paper.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026When VLMs Destroy What They Know: Spatial Representations Fall Below Lexical Priors
  2. 2026Decodable Is Not Grounded: A Vision-Ablation Arbiter for VLM Spatial Reasoning
  3. 2026Mechanisms of Object Localization in Vision-Language Models
  4. 2026Pathways of Visual Information Flow in Vision-Language Models
  5. 2026Grounding Isn't Knowing: Do VLMs Need Object Localization for Spatial Reasoning?
  6. 2025Investigating Spatial Attention Bias in Vision-Language Models
  7. 2026Vision-Default, Prior-Override: Causal Mechanisms of Perception-Knowledge Conflict in Vision-Language Models
  8. 2026S-Space: Exploring Spatial Workspace in Multimodal Language Models