Towards Metric-Agnostic Trajectory Forecasting
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Abstract (arXiv)
Accurate trajectory forecasting of surrounding traffic participants is a core capability for autonomous driving, enabling vehicles to anticipate behavior and plan safe maneuvers. We observe that current state-of-the-art forecasting models on Argoverse 2 and the Waymo Open Motion Dataset tailor their training objectives to the different benchmark metrics. Because these metrics encourage conflicting behavior, we propose a paradigm change for trajectory forecasting: training models with metric-agnostic probabilistic objectives and treating metric optimization as a downstream task applied to the predictive distribution. Concretely, we introduce Trajectory Distribution Evaluation (TraDiE) policies, metric-specific policies that map a predictive distribution to the set of K trajectories and confidences required by trajectory forecasting metrics. We evaluate this framework by introducing DONUT-NLL, which adapts the training objective of the state-of-the-art trajectory forecasting model DONUT to directly optimize the predictive distribution. Using our policies, DONUT-NLL achieves state-of-the-art results on all metrics of the Waymo motion prediction benchmark.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Jul 2026.
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References · 34
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2023Argoverse 2: Next Generation Datasets for Self-Driving Perception and Forecastingcited by 701
- 2021Large Scale Interactive Motion Forecasting for Autonomous Driving : The Waymo Open Motion Datasetcited by 532
- 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 528
- 2019MultiPath: Multiple Probabilistic Anchor Trajectory Hypotheses for Behavior Predictioncited by 417
- 2020Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 380
- 2020Social-STGCNN: A Social Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Neural Network for Human Trajectory Predictioncited by 324
- 2017DESIRE: Distant Future Prediction in Dynamic Scenes with Interacting Agentscited by 310
- 2018Multimodal Trajectory Predictions for Autonomous Driving using Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 289
- 2022Wayformer: Motion Forecasting via Simple & Efficient Attention Networkscited by 279
- 2022Motion Transformer with Global Intention Localization and Local Movement Refinementcited by 267
- 2019CoverNet: Multimodal Behavior Prediction using Trajectory Setscited by 259
22 more
- 2021Multimodal Motion Prediction with Stacked Transformerscited by 207
- 2023MotionLM: Multi-Agent Motion Forecasting as Language Modelingcited by 154
- 2021GOHOME: Graph-Oriented Heatmap Output for future Motion Estimationcited by 146
- 2023MTR++: Multi-Agent Motion Prediction with Symmetric Scene Modeling and Guided Intention Queryingcited by 139
- 2021HOME: Heatmap Output for future Motion Estimationcited by 122
- 2019Rules of the Road: Predicting Driving Behavior with a Convolutional Model of Semantic Interactionscited by 117
- 2021LaneRCNN: Distributed Representations for Graph-Centric Motion Forecastingcited by 112
- 2021THOMAS: Trajectory Heatmap Output with learned Multi-Agent Samplingcited by 101
- 2024DriveGPT: Scaling Autoregressive Behavior Models for Drivingcited by 29
- 2023SEPT: Towards Efficient Scene Representation Learning for Motion Predictioncited by 27
- 2023Learning Cooperative Trajectory Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 21
- 2022MTR-A: 1st Place Solution for 2022 Waymo Open Dataset Challenge -- Motion Predictioncited by 17
- 2023EDA: Evolving and Distinct Anchors for Multimodal Motion Predictioncited by 17
- 2024DeMo: Decoupling Motion Forecasting into Directional Intentions and Dynamic Statescited by 15
- 2024ModeSeq: Taming Sparse Multimodal Motion Prediction with Sequential Mode Modelingcited by 7
- 2025TrajFlow: Multi-modal Motion Prediction via Flow Matchingcited by 7
- 2024FutureNet-LOF: Joint Trajectory Prediction and Lane Occupancy Field Prediction with Future Context Encodingcited by 6
- 2024RMP-YOLO: A Robust Motion Predictor for Partially Observable Scenarios even if You Only Look Oncecited by 6
- 2025DONUT: A Decoder-Only Model for Trajectory Predictioncited by 6
- 2025IMPACT: Behavioral Intention-aware Multimodal Trajectory Prediction with Adaptive Context Trimmingcited by 5
- 2025Relative Position Matters: Trajectory Prediction and Planning with Polar Representationcited by 5
- 2026UniMotion: A Unified Motion Framework for Simulation, Prediction and Planningcited by 1
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