Superhuman AI for Generals.io Using Self-Play Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a superhuman AI agent for Generals.io, a real-time strategy game that requires both long-horizon planning and short-term tactics under strong imperfect information. Trained for four days on 4x NVIDIA H200 GPUs, our agent reaches #1 on the public 1v1 leaderboard of over 5,000 human players, leading the second-ranked player by the same margin that separates second place from 25th, and beats the two top-ranked humans head-to-head with a combined 199-70 record across 269 ladder matches. A key enabler is a JAX-native simulator that reaches tens of millions of frames per second on a single GPU, roughly a 10,000x speedup over the prior simulator. On top of this, we train a vision transformer policy end-to-end by self-play with a policy-gradient loop and sparse win/loss reward, using top-advantage sample filtering and an exponential moving average of the policy parameters. Taken together, our findings highlight what matters, and what does not, once a fast simulator removes the data bottleneck.
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References · 13
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
- 2019Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,084
- 2017Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithmcited by 723
- 2017A Unified Game-Theoretic Approach to Multiagent Reinforcement Learningcited by 265
- 2017DeepStack: Expert-Level Artificial Intelligence in No-Limit Pokercited by 228
- 2016Deep Reinforcement Learning from Self-Play in Imperfect-Information Gamescited by 153
- 2024Stop Regressing: Training Value Functions via Classification for Scalable Deep RLcited by 136
- 2022Mastering the Game of Stratego with Model-Free Multiagent Reinforcement Learningcited by 129
- 2022A Unified Approach to Reinforcement Learning, Quantal Response Equilibria, and Two-Player Zero-Sum Gamescited by 64
- 2025Reevaluating Policy Gradient Methods for Imperfect-Information Gamescited by 13
- 2024OpenSkill: A faster asymmetric multi-team, multiplayer rating systemcited by 9
- 2025Scalable Decision Making for Games of Imperfect Informationcited by 7
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