Diffusion Image Generation with Explicit Modeling of Data Manifold Geometry

Image generative models aim to sample data points from the underlying data manifold, a task that requires learning and decoding a dense, low-dimensional, and compact parameterization space. To achieve this, we propose the Data Manifold-aware Image diffusioN moDel (MIND), a novel framework that explicitly models manifold geometry by integrating discrete patch tokenization into the score function of a continuous diffusion model. This approach successfully leverages both the structural quantification capabilities of discrete tokens and the parallel generation flexibility of continuous diffusion. Moreover, we enable end-to-end differentiable training via a novel soft top-k aggregation mechanism and introduce dual-branch high-frequency feature embedding layers to alleviate the spectral bias of transformer backbones on low-dimensional inputs. Furthermore, for inference, we design a multi-stage transition sampling scheme that dynamically adjusts the sampling scheme based on timestep. Extensive experiments on ImageNet 256×256 demonstrate the effectiveness of MIND. After 80-epoch training, our base model achieves an FID of 22.73 without guidance, nearly halving the 43.47 FID of the vanilla DiT-B/2 baseline. The proposed method reduces FID by 15.95 and 9.06 on average compared with the baselines DiT and SiT, respectively. For image generation on ImageNet-256×256 with guidance, the proposed MIND-B with only 130M parameters achieves an FID of 2.06, superpassing the LlamaGen-3B with 3.1B parameters. The proposed MIND-XL with 715M parameters further reduces the FID to 1.95. Our MIND introduces a fresh perspective on diffusion-based image generation, paving the way for future research and innovation in this community. The code will be publicly available.