HINTBench: Horizon-agent Intrinsic Non-attack Trajectory Benchmark
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Agent threats, guardrails and governance
Abstract (arXiv)
Existing agent-safety evaluation has focused mainly on externally induced risks. Yet agents may still enter unsafe trajectories under benign conditions. We study this complementary but underexplored setting through the lens of intrinsic risk, where intrinsic failures remain latent, propagate across long-horizon execution, and eventually lead to high-consequence outcomes. To evaluate this setting, we introduce non-attack intrinsic risk auditing, a guard-oriented safety evaluation task, and present HINTBench, a benchmark of 596 agent trajectories, comprising 400 synthetic risky trajectories, 136 synthetic safe trajectories, 30 reconstructed real-world risky trajectories, and 30 reconstructed real-world safe trajectories, with an average length of 24.0 steps. HINTBench supports three tasks: risk detection, risk-step localization, and intrinsic failure-type identification, with annotations organized under a unified five-constraint taxonomy. Experiments reveal a substantial capability gap: strong LLMs perform well on trajectory-level risk detection, but the best model remains below 37 on fine-grained Strict-F1 for risk-step localization. Existing off-the-shelf guard models evaluated under their native prompts transfer poorly to this setting. These findings establish intrinsic risk auditing as an open challenge for agent safety.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Agent threats, guardrails and governance, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 18 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Apr 2026.
Builds on
18 of 49 references.
Closest ancestors · 10
Same direction, newest first
- 2026AgentLAB: Benchmarking LLM Agents against Long-Horizon Attacks18 Feb
- 2026TrajAD: Trajectory Anomaly Detection for Trustworthy LLM Agents6 Feb
- 2026Risky-Bench: Probing Agentic Safety Risks under Real-World Deployment3 Feb
- 2026ToolSafe: Enhancing Tool Invocation Safety of LLM-based agents via Proactive Step-level Guardrail and Feedback15 Jan
- 2025A Benchmark for Evaluating Outcome-Driven Constraint Violations in Autonomous AI Agents23 Dec
- 2025AgentAuditor: Human-Level Safety and Security Evaluation for LLM Agents31 May
- 2025ShieldAgent: Shielding Agents via Verifiable Safety Policy Reasoning26 Mar
- 2025SafeArena: Evaluating the Safety of Autonomous Web Agents6 Mar
- 2024Agent-SafetyBench: Evaluating the Safety of LLM Agents19 Dec
- 2024R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agents18 Jan
Other references · 8
- 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,242
- 2023Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversationscited by 1,207
- 2024AgentBoard: An Analytical Evaluation Board of Multi-turn LLM Agentscited by 339
- 2024PrivacyLens: Evaluating Privacy Norm Awareness of Language Models in Actioncited by 171
- 2024Llama Guard 3 Vision: Safeguarding Human-AI Image Understanding Conversationscited by 129
- 2026AgentDyn: Are Your Agent Security Defenses Deployable in Real-World Dynamic Environments?cited by 59
- 2026Benchmark Test-Time Scaling of General LLM Agentscited by 26
- 2026SciAgentGym: Benchmarking Multi-Step Scientific Tool-use in LLM Agentscited by 15
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 9.
9 papers.
- 2026TRACES: Proactive Safety Auditing for Multi-Turn LLM Agents via Trajectory-State Modelingcited by 8
- 2026OpenClawBench: Benchmarking Process-side Anomalies in Real-world Agent Execution Trajectoriescited by 4
- 2026Long-Horizon Agent Trajectory Attribution: A Unified Benchmark and Fine-Grained Annotation Frameworkcited by 4
- 2026SeClaw: Spec-Driven Security Task Synthesis for Evaluating Autonomous Agentscited by 1
- 2026Early Detection of Distributed Backdoors in Multi-Agent LLM Systems: A Characterization Studycited by 0
- 2026RePolicy: Reinforcement Learning for Safety-Policy Invocation in Agent Safeguardscited by 0
- 2026"You're Right, Let Me Fix It": How LLM Agents Damage Correct Work When Falsely Accusedcited by 0
- 2026Runtime Authorization of Self-Generated Subgoals in Long-Horizon Tool-Using AI Agentscited by 0
- 2026Safe Actions Alone Do Not Ensure Safe Agents: Identifying Unfulfilled Obligations with Guard Modelscited by 0
- 2026Safe Actions Alone Do Not Ensure Safe Agents: Identifying Unfulfilled Obligations with Guard Models8 Oct 2026
- 2026Runtime Authorization of Self-Generated Subgoals in Long-Horizon Tool-Using AI Agents4 Oct 2026
- 2026"You're Right, Let Me Fix It": How LLM Agents Damage Correct Work When Falsely Accused26 Sep 2026
- 2026RePolicy: Reinforcement Learning for Safety-Policy Invocation in Agent Safeguards25 Aug 2026
- 2026Long-Horizon Agent Trajectory Attribution: A Unified Benchmark and Fine-Grained Annotation Framework7 Aug 2026
- 2026Early Detection of Distributed Backdoors in Multi-Agent LLM Systems: A Characterization Study27 Jul 2026
- 2026SeClaw: Spec-Driven Security Task Synthesis for Evaluating Autonomous Agents1 Jun 2026
- 2026OpenClawBench: Benchmarking Process-side Anomalies in Real-world Agent Execution Trajectories28 May 2026
- 2026TRACES: Proactive Safety Auditing for Multi-Turn LLM Agents via Trajectory-State Modeling26 May 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026ATBench: A Diverse and Realistic Agent Trajectory Benchmark for Safety Evaluation and Diagnosis
- 2026TRACE: Trajectory Risk-Aware Compression for Long-Horizon Agent Safety
- 2026Unsafer in Many Turns: Benchmarking and Defending Multi-Turn Safety Risks in Tool-Using Agents
- 2026PASTABench: Proactive Assessment of Sequential Trajectories for Agent Safety
- 2026Taxonomy and Consistency Analysis of Safety Benchmarks for AI Agents
- 2026SafetyDrift: Predicting When AI Agents Cross the Line Before They Actually Do
- 2026OpenSkillRisk: Benchmarking Agent Safety When Using Real-World Risky Third-Party Skills
- 2026AgentS4D: Benchmarking Runtime Risks across the Execution Lifecycle of LLM-Based Workspace Agents