mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

The ATOM Report: Measuring the Open Language Model Ecosystem

arXiv 2604.07190 ↗First posted 8 Apr 2026cs.CY cs.AI cs.LGcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present a comprehensive adoption snapshot of the leading open language models and who is building them, focusing on the ~1.5K mainline open models from the likes of Alibaba's Qwen, DeepSeek, Meta's Llama, that are the foundation of an ecosystem crucial to researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy advisors. We document a clear trend where Chinese models overtook their counterparts built in the U.S. in the summer of 2025 and subsequently widened the gap over their western counterparts. We study a mix of Hugging Face downloads and model derivatives, inference market share, performance metrics and more to make a comprehensive picture of the ecosystem.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Apr 2026.

Builds on

22 of 29 references.

References · 22

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  2. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 8,820
  3. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  4. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  5. 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,164
  6. 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,824
  7. 2024Mixtral of Expertscited by 1,823
  8. 2025gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Cardcited by 1,386
  9. 2024Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preferencecited by 1,184
  10. 2024Nemotron-4 340B Technical Reportcited by 144
  11. 2025Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoningcited by 104
  12. 2023The Data Provenance Initiative: A Large Scale Audit of Dataset Licensing & Attribution in AIcited by 73
10 more
  1. 2023The Foundation Model Transparency Indexcited by 66
  2. 2025Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025cited by 64
  3. 2024Consent in Crisis: The Rapid Decline of the AI Data Commonscited by 46
  4. 2024Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024cited by 24
  5. 2023Analyzing the Evolution and Maintenance of ML Models on Hugging Facecited by 22
  6. 2024The 2024 Foundation Model Transparency Indexcited by 19
  7. 2024Foundation Model Transparency Reportscited by 14
  8. 2025The 2025 Foundation Model Transparency Indexcited by 11
  9. 2023On the Suitability of Hugging Face Hub for Empirical Studiescited by 8
  10. 2025Economies of Open Intelligence: Tracing Power & Participation in the Model Ecosystemcited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

  1. 2026DeGenTWeb: A First Look at LLM-dominant Websitescited by 1
  2. 2026A Roadmap to Impactful Pluralistic Alignment Researchcited by 0