mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Analyzing the Evolution and Maintenance of ML Models on Hugging Face

arXiv 2311.13380 ↗First posted 22 Nov 2023cs.SE cs.AI cs.LGcited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

Hugging Face (HF) has established itself as a crucial platform for the development and sharing of machine learning (ML) models. This repository mining study, which delves into more than 380,000 models using data gathered via the HF Hub API, aims to explore the community engagement, evolution, and maintenance around models hosted on HF, aspects that have yet to be comprehensively explored in the literature. We first examine the overall growth and popularity of HF, uncovering trends in ML domains, framework usage, authors grouping and the evolution of tags and datasets used. Through text analysis of model card descriptions, we also seek to identify prevalent themes and insights within the developer community. Our investigation further extends to the maintenance aspects of models, where we evaluate the maintenance status of ML models, classify commit messages into various categories (corrective, perfective, and adaptive), analyze the evolution across development stages of commits metrics and introduce a new classification system that estimates the maintenance status of models based on multiple attributes. This study aims to provide valuable insights about ML model maintenance and evolution that could inform future model development strategies on platforms like HF.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Nov 2023.

Builds on

9 of 43 references.

References · 9

  1. 2018Model Cards for Model Reportingcited by 1,068
  2. 2020Learning under Concept Drift: A Reviewcited by 470
  3. 2020Challenges in Deploying Machine Learning: a Survey of Case Studiescited by 151
  4. 2021Software Engineering for AI-Based Systems: A Surveycited by 68
  5. 2023An Empirical Study of Pre-Trained Model Reuse in the Hugging Face Deep Learning Model Registrycited by 45
  6. 2023Exploring the Carbon Footprint of Hugging Face's ML Models: A Repository Mining Studycited by 23
  7. 2021Characterizing Technical Debt and Antipatterns in AI-Based Systems: A Systematic Mapping Studycited by 21
  8. 2022Aspirations and Practice of Model Documentation: Moving the Needle with Nudging and Traceabilitycited by 14
  9. 2020Is this GitHub Project Maintained? Measuring the Level of Maintenance Activity of Open-Source Projectscited by 3

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 8; 2026: 8.

22 papers.

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  1. 2025LLM Post-Training: A Deep Dive into Reasoning Large Language Modelscited by 129
  2. 2024The AI Community Building the Future? A Quantitative Analysis of Development Activity on Hugging Face Hubcited by 18
  3. 2025Deepfakes on Demand: the rise of accessible non-consensual deepfake image generatorscited by 15
  4. 2024PeaTMOSS: A Dataset and Initial Analysis of Pre-Trained Models in Open-Source Softwarecited by 9
  5. 2024What do we know about Hugging Face? A systematic literature review and quantitative validation of qualitative claimscited by 8
  6. 2024Lessons Learned from Mining the Hugging Face Repositorycited by 7
  7. 2025An Empirical Analysis of Machine Learning Model and Dataset Documentation, Supply Chain, and Licensing Challenges on Hugging Facecited by 6
  8. 2026A Large-Scale Study on the Development and Issues of Multi-Agent AI Systemscited by 5
  9. 2025Model Hubs and Beyond: Analyzing Model Popularity, Performance, and Documentationcited by 4
  10. 2024Demystifying Issues, Causes and Solutions in LLM Open-Source Projectscited by 3
  11. 2024How do Machine Learning Models Change?cited by 3
  12. 2026Attention to Mamba: A Recipe for Cross-Architecture Distillationcited by 3
10 more
  1. 2026The ATOM Report: Measuring the Open Language Model Ecosystemcited by 2
  2. 2025Cataloguing Hugging Face Models to Software Engineering Activities: Automation and Findingscited by 1
  3. 2025A Cartography of Open Collaboration in Open Source AI: Mapping Practices, Motivations, and Governance in 14 Open Large Language Model Projectscited by 1
  4. 2026How Hyper-Datafication Impacts the Sustainability Costs in Frontier AIcited by 1
  5. 2025Is Open Source the Future of AI? A Data-Driven Approachcited by 0
  6. 2025An Empirical Framework for Evaluating Semantic Preservation Using Hugging Facecited by 0
  7. 2026MetaGAI: A Large-Scale and High-Quality Benchmark for Generative AI Model and Data Card Generationcited by 0
  8. 2026ArtifactLinker: Linking Scientific Artifacts for Automatic State-of-the-Art Discoverycited by 0
  9. 2026Broken on Arrival: Silently Defective LLM Artifacts in Public Model Registries and How to Catch Themcited by 0
  10. 2026After the Party: Growth, Governance, and Security Scanning in the OpenClaw Agent Skill Ecosystemcited by 0