Training Versatile Coding Agents in Synthetic Environments
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Software engineering coding agents
Abstract (arXiv)
Prior works on training software engineering agents have explored utilizing existing resources such as issues on GitHub repositories to construct software engineering tasks and corresponding test suites. These approaches face two key limitations: (1) their reliance on pre-existing GitHub repositories offers limited flexibility, and (2) their primary focus on issue resolution tasks restricts their applicability to the much wider variety of tasks a software engineer must handle. To overcome these challenges, we introduce SWE-Playground, a novel pipeline for generating environments and trajectories which supports the training of versatile coding agents. Unlike prior efforts, SWE-Playground synthetically generates projects and tasks from scratch with strong language models and agents, eliminating reliance on external data sources. This allows us to tackle a much wider variety of coding tasks, such as reproducing issues by generating unit tests and implementing libraries from scratch. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on three distinct benchmarks, and results indicate that SWE-Playground produces trajectories with dense training signal, enabling agents to reach comparable performance with significantly fewer trajectories than previous works.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Software engineering coding agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 29 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Dec 2025.
Builds on
29 of 40 references.
Closest ancestors · 7
Same direction, newest first
- 2025SWE-smith: Scaling Data for Software Engineering Agents30 Apr
- 2025R2E-Gym: Procedural Environments and Hybrid Verifiers for Scaling Open-Weights SWE Agents9 Apr
- 2024Training Software Engineering Agents and Verifiers with SWE-Gym30 Dec
- 2024SWE-Search: Enhancing Software Agents with Monte Carlo Tree Search and Iterative Refinement26 Oct
- 2024OpenHands: An Open Platform for AI Software Developers as Generalist Agents23 Jul
- 2024SWT-Bench: Testing and Validating Real-World Bug-Fixes with Code Agents18 Jun
- 2024SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineering6 May
Other references · 22
- 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,767
- 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
- 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
- 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 1,906
- 2024LlamaFactory: Unified Efficient Fine-Tuning of 100+ Language Modelscited by 1,442
- 2024Qwen2.5-Coder Technical Reportcited by 1,151
- 2024BigCodeBench: Benchmarking Code Generation with Diverse Function Calls and Complex Instructionscited by 527
- 2025SWE-Bench Pro: Can AI Agents Solve Long-Horizon Software Engineering Tasks?cited by 254
- 2025KernelBench: Can LLMs Write Efficient GPU Kernels?cited by 206
- 2024SWE-bench Multimodal: Do AI Systems Generalize to Visual Software Domains?cited by 196
10 more
- 2025Multi-SWE-bench: A Multilingual Benchmark for Issue Resolvingcited by 165
- 2025SWE-bench Goes Live!cited by 74
- 2024TestGenEval: A Real World Unit Test Generation and Test Completion Benchmarkcited by 49
- 2025Self-Questioning Language Modelscited by 47
- 2025SWE-Perf: Can Language Models Optimize Code Performance on Real-World Repositories?cited by 33
- 2025SWE-Mirror: Scaling Issue-Resolving Datasets by Mirroring Issues Across Repositoriescited by 30
- 2025Agent0-VL: Exploring Self-Evolving Agent for Tool-Integrated Vision-Language Reasoningcited by 28
- 2025AutoCodeBench: Large Language Models are Automatic Code Benchmark Generatorscited by 24
- 2025SWE-Flow: Synthesizing Software Engineering Data in a Test-Driven Mannercited by 18
- 2025360-LLaMA-Factory: Plug & Play Sequence Parallelism for Long Post-Trainingcited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 12.
13 papers.
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- 2026Gym-Anything: Turn any Software into an Agent Environmentcited by 24
- 2026SERA: Soft-Verified Efficient Repository Agentscited by 10
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 8
- 2026Recursive Synthesis for Long-Horizon Terminal Taskscited by 8
- 2025Agentic Software Issue Resolution with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 6
- 2026Learning to Build the Environment: Self-Evolving Reasoning RL via Verifiable Environment Synthesiscited by 5
- 2026SWE-MiniSandbox: Container-Free Reinforcement Learning for Building Software Engineering Agentscited by 4
- 2026Revisiting DAgger in the Era of LLM-Agentscited by 4
- 2026Humans are Missing from AI Coding Agent Researchcited by 3
- 2026Breaking the Solver Bottleneck: Training Task Generators at the Learnable Frontiercited by 1
- 2026SWE-Future: Forecast-Conditioned Data Synthesis for Future-Oriented Software Engineering Agentscited by 0
- 2026Code Understanding is a Bottleneck for Coding Agentscited by 0
- 2026SWE-Journey: Towards More Realistic Evaluation of Coding Assistants through Long-Horizon, Multi-Turn Interaction8 Oct 2026
- 2026Code Understanding is a Bottleneck for Coding Agents7 Oct 2026
- 2026Recursive Synthesis for Long-Horizon Terminal Tasks5 Aug 2026
- 2026Humans are Missing from AI Coding Agent Research4 Jul 2026
- 2026SWE-Future: Forecast-Conditioned Data Synthesis for Future-Oriented Software Engineering Agents17 Jun 2026
- 2026Breaking the Solver Bottleneck: Training Task Generators at the Learnable Frontier10 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application10 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning to Build the Environment: Self-Evolving Reasoning RL via Verifiable Environment Synthesis14 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting DAgger in the Era of LLM-Agents13 May 2026
- 2026Gym-Anything: Turn any Software into an Agent Environment7 Apr 2026
- 2026SWE-MiniSandbox: Container-Free Reinforcement Learning for Building Software Engineering Agents11 Feb 2026
- 2026SERA: Soft-Verified Efficient Repository Agents28 Jan 2026
1 more
- 2026Gym-Anything: Turn any Software into an Agent Environmentcited by 24
- 2026SERA: Soft-Verified Efficient Repository Agentscited by 10
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Applicationcited by 8
- 2025Agentic Software Issue Resolution with Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 6
- 2026SWE-MiniSandbox: Container-Free Reinforcement Learning for Building Software Engineering Agentscited by 4
- 2026Revisiting DAgger in the Era of LLM-Agentscited by 4
- 2026Humans are Missing from AI Coding Agent Researchcited by 3
- 2026SWE-Future: Forecast-Conditioned Data Synthesis for Future-Oriented Software Engineering Agentscited by 0
- 2026Code Understanding is a Bottleneck for Coding Agentscited by 0
- 2026Code Understanding is a Bottleneck for Coding Agents7 Oct 2026
- 2026Humans are Missing from AI Coding Agent Research4 Jul 2026
- 2026SWE-Future: Forecast-Conditioned Data Synthesis for Future-Oriented Software Engineering Agents17 Jun 2026
- 2026Agentic Environment Engineering for Large Language Models: A Survey of Environment Modeling, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Application10 Jun 2026
- 2026Revisiting DAgger in the Era of LLM-Agents13 May 2026
- 2026Gym-Anything: Turn any Software into an Agent Environment7 Apr 2026
- 2026SWE-MiniSandbox: Container-Free Reinforcement Learning for Building Software Engineering Agents11 Feb 2026
- 2026SERA: Soft-Verified Efficient Repository Agents28 Jan 2026
- 2025Agentic Software Issue Resolution with Large Language Models: A Survey24 Dec 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026SWE-World: Building Software Engineering Agents in Docker-Free Environments
- 2026SWE-Master: Unleashing the Potential of Software Engineering Agents via Post-Training
- 2026Socratic-SWE: Self-Evolving Coding Agents via Trace-Derived Agent Skills
- 2026E2E-SWE: Benchmarking LLMs on Building Working Codebases from Scratch
- 2026Hybrid-Gym: Training Coding Agents to Generalize Across Tasks
- 2026FrogNano: Training a 4B Coding Agent via Online Task Synthesis
- 2026SWE-INTERACT: Reimagining SWE Benchmarks as User-Driven Long-Horizon Coding Sessions
- 2025RepoForge: Training a SOTA Fast-thinking SWE Agent with an End-to-End Data Curation Pipeline Synergizing SFT and RL at Scale