RoleRMBench & RoleRM: Towards Reward Modeling for Profile-Based Role Play in Dialogue Systems
On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Human values and AI feedback alignment
Abstract (arXiv)
Reward modeling has become a cornerstone of aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Yet, when extended to subjective and open-ended domains such as role play, existing reward models exhibit severe degradation, struggling to capture nuanced and persona-grounded human judgments. To address this gap, we introduce RoleRMBench, the first systematic benchmark for reward modeling in role-playing dialogue, covering seven fine-grained capabilities from narrative management to role consistency and engagement. Evaluation on RoleRMBench reveals large and consistent gaps between general-purpose reward models and human judgment, particularly in narrative and stylistic dimensions. We further propose RoleRM, a reward model trained with Continuous Implicit Preferences (CIP), which reformulates subjective evaluation as continuous consistent pairwise supervision under multiple structuring strategies. Comprehensive experiments show that RoleRM surpasses strong open- and closed-source reward models by over 24% on average, demonstrating substantial gains in narrative coherence and stylistic fidelity. Our findings highlight the importance of continuous preference representation and annotation consistency, establishing a foundation for subjective alignment in human-centered dialogue systems.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Human values and AI feedback alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 39 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2025.
Builds on
39 of 45 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
Other references · 38
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
- 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
- 2021A General Language Assistant as a Laboratory for Alignmentcited by 1,055
- 2024RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modelingcited by 499
- 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playingcited by 339
- 2024Skywork-Reward: Bag of Tricks for Reward Modeling in LLMscited by 327
- 2025rStar-Math: Small LLMs Can Master Math Reasoning with Self-Evolved Deep Thinkingcited by 313
- 2025Skywork-Reward-V2: Scaling Preference Data Curation via Human-AI Synergycited by 214
- 2024RM-Bench: Benchmarking Reward Models of Language Models with Subtlety and Stylecited by 176
- 2023RoleLLM: Benchmarking, Eliciting, and Enhancing Role-Playing Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 175
- 2025RewardBench 2: Advancing Reward Model Evaluationcited by 150
26 more
- 2024CharacterEval: A Chinese Benchmark for Role-Playing Conversational Agent Evaluationcited by 143
- 2024Regularizing Hidden States Enables Learning Generalizable Reward Model for LLMscited by 142
- 2025VisualPRM: An Effective Process Reward Model for Multimodal Reasoningcited by 139
- 2025AgentRewardBench: Evaluating Automatic Evaluations of Web Agent Trajectoriescited by 108
- 2024Controllable Preference Optimization: Toward Controllable Multi-Objective Alignmentcited by 107
- 2025PRMBench: A Fine-grained and Challenging Benchmark for Process-Level Reward Modelscited by 99
- 2024OffsetBias: Leveraging Debiased Data for Tuning Evaluatorscited by 94
- 2024How to Evaluate Reward Models for RLHFcited by 88
- 2024VL-RewardBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Vision-Language Generative Reward Modelscited by 86
- 2024MJ-Bench: Is Your Multimodal Reward Model Really a Good Judge for Text-to-Image Generation?cited by 66
- 2024RMB: Comprehensively Benchmarking Reward Models in LLM Alignmentcited by 61
- 2024Quantile Regression for Distributional Reward Models in RLHFcited by 60
- 2025Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 58
- 2024M-RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models in Multilingual Settingscited by 50
- 2024Rethinking Bradley-Terry Models in Preference-Based Reward Modeling: Foundations, Theory, and Alternativescited by 48
- 2025Multimodal RewardBench: Holistic Evaluation of Reward Models for Vision Language Modelscited by 44
- 2024Rethinking Reward Model Evaluation: Are We Barking up the Wrong Tree?cited by 31
- 2025CoSER: A Comprehensive Literary Dataset and Framework for Training and Evaluating LLM Role-Playing and Persona Simulationcited by 26
- 2025reWordBench: Benchmarking and Improving the Robustness of Reward Models with Transformed Inputscited by 25
- 2024RAG-RewardBench: Benchmarking Reward Models in Retrieval Augmented Generation for Preference Alignmentcited by 23
- 2024Evaluating Robustness of Reward Models for Mathematical Reasoningcited by 22
- 2025VLRMBench: A Comprehensive and Challenging Benchmark for Vision-Language Reward Modelscited by 19
- 2025RoleMRC: A Fine-Grained Composite Benchmark for Role-Playing and Instruction-Followingcited by 18
- 2025ViLBench: A Suite for Vision-Language Process Reward Modelingcited by 16
- 2025RAIDEN-R1: Improving Role-awareness of LLMs via GRPO with Verifiable Rewardcited by 13
- 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?cited by 9
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026DynaWeb: Model-Based Reinforcement Learning of Web Agentscited by 14
- 2026AdaMARP: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Interaction Framework for General Immersive Role-Playingcited by 9
- 2026TRACE Bench: Task-driven Roleplay Agentic Checklist Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026BOOKMARKS: Efficient Active Storyline Memory for Role-playingcited by 0
- 2026TRACE Bench: Task-driven Roleplay Agentic Checklist Evaluation31 Jul 2026
- 2026BOOKMARKS: Efficient Active Storyline Memory for Role-playing13 May 2026
- 2026DynaWeb: Model-Based Reinforcement Learning of Web Agents29 Jan 2026
- 2026AdaMARP: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Interaction Framework for General Immersive Role-Playing16 Jan 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025CPO: Addressing Reward Ambiguity in Role-playing Dialogue via Comparative Policy Optimization
- 2025Enhancing Persona Consistency for LLMs' Role-Playing using Persona-Aware Contrastive Learning
- 2024BEYOND DIALOGUE: A Profile-Dialogue Alignment Framework Towards General Role-Playing Language Model
- 2024ERABAL: Enhancing Role-Playing Agents through Boundary-Aware Learning
- 2025LongRM: Revealing and Unlocking the Context Boundary of Reward Modeling
- 2026OSPD: On-Policy Self-Distillation for Persona-Consistent Dialogue
- 2026RoleCDE:Benchmarking and Mitigating Role-Alignment Trade-offs in Role-Playing Agents
- 2026Character Beyond Speech: Leveraging Role-Playing Evaluation in Audio Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning