mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RoleRMBench & RoleRM: Towards Reward Modeling for Profile-Based Role Play in Dialogue Systems

arXiv 2512.10575 ↗First posted 11 Dec 2025cs.CLcited by 4

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Human values and AI feedback alignment

Abstract (arXiv)

Reward modeling has become a cornerstone of aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Yet, when extended to subjective and open-ended domains such as role play, existing reward models exhibit severe degradation, struggling to capture nuanced and persona-grounded human judgments. To address this gap, we introduce RoleRMBench, the first systematic benchmark for reward modeling in role-playing dialogue, covering seven fine-grained capabilities from narrative management to role consistency and engagement. Evaluation on RoleRMBench reveals large and consistent gaps between general-purpose reward models and human judgment, particularly in narrative and stylistic dimensions. We further propose RoleRM, a reward model trained with Continuous Implicit Preferences (CIP), which reformulates subjective evaluation as continuous consistent pairwise supervision under multiple structuring strategies. Comprehensive experiments show that RoleRM surpasses strong open- and closed-source reward models by over 24% on average, demonstrating substantial gains in narrative coherence and stylistic fidelity. Our findings highlight the importance of continuous preference representation and annotation consistency, establishing a foundation for subjective alignment in human-centered dialogue systems.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Human values and AI feedback alignment, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 39 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Dec 2025.

Builds on

39 of 45 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedback2 Sep

Other references · 38

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  3. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
  4. 2021A General Language Assistant as a Laboratory for Alignmentcited by 1,055
  5. 2024RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modelingcited by 499
  6. 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playingcited by 339
  7. 2024Skywork-Reward: Bag of Tricks for Reward Modeling in LLMscited by 327
  8. 2025rStar-Math: Small LLMs Can Master Math Reasoning with Self-Evolved Deep Thinkingcited by 313
  9. 2025Skywork-Reward-V2: Scaling Preference Data Curation via Human-AI Synergycited by 214
  10. 2024RM-Bench: Benchmarking Reward Models of Language Models with Subtlety and Stylecited by 176
  11. 2023RoleLLM: Benchmarking, Eliciting, and Enhancing Role-Playing Abilities of Large Language Modelscited by 175
  12. 2025RewardBench 2: Advancing Reward Model Evaluationcited by 150
26 more
  1. 2024CharacterEval: A Chinese Benchmark for Role-Playing Conversational Agent Evaluationcited by 143
  2. 2024Regularizing Hidden States Enables Learning Generalizable Reward Model for LLMscited by 142
  3. 2025VisualPRM: An Effective Process Reward Model for Multimodal Reasoningcited by 139
  4. 2025AgentRewardBench: Evaluating Automatic Evaluations of Web Agent Trajectoriescited by 108
  5. 2024Controllable Preference Optimization: Toward Controllable Multi-Objective Alignmentcited by 107
  6. 2025PRMBench: A Fine-grained and Challenging Benchmark for Process-Level Reward Modelscited by 99
  7. 2024OffsetBias: Leveraging Debiased Data for Tuning Evaluatorscited by 94
  8. 2024How to Evaluate Reward Models for RLHFcited by 88
  9. 2024VL-RewardBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Vision-Language Generative Reward Modelscited by 86
  10. 2024MJ-Bench: Is Your Multimodal Reward Model Really a Good Judge for Text-to-Image Generation?cited by 66
  11. 2024RMB: Comprehensively Benchmarking Reward Models in LLM Alignmentcited by 61
  12. 2024Quantile Regression for Distributional Reward Models in RLHFcited by 60
  13. 2025Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 58
  14. 2024M-RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models in Multilingual Settingscited by 50
  15. 2024Rethinking Bradley-Terry Models in Preference-Based Reward Modeling: Foundations, Theory, and Alternativescited by 48
  16. 2025Multimodal RewardBench: Holistic Evaluation of Reward Models for Vision Language Modelscited by 44
  17. 2024Rethinking Reward Model Evaluation: Are We Barking up the Wrong Tree?cited by 31
  18. 2025CoSER: A Comprehensive Literary Dataset and Framework for Training and Evaluating LLM Role-Playing and Persona Simulationcited by 26
  19. 2025reWordBench: Benchmarking and Improving the Robustness of Reward Models with Transformed Inputscited by 25
  20. 2024RAG-RewardBench: Benchmarking Reward Models in Retrieval Augmented Generation for Preference Alignmentcited by 23
  21. 2024Evaluating Robustness of Reward Models for Mathematical Reasoningcited by 22
  22. 2025VLRMBench: A Comprehensive and Challenging Benchmark for Vision-Language Reward Modelscited by 19
  23. 2025RoleMRC: A Fine-Grained Composite Benchmark for Role-Playing and Instruction-Followingcited by 18
  24. 2025ViLBench: A Suite for Vision-Language Process Reward Modelingcited by 16
  25. 2025RAIDEN-R1: Improving Role-awareness of LLMs via GRPO with Verifiable Rewardcited by 13
  26. 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?cited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025CPO: Addressing Reward Ambiguity in Role-playing Dialogue via Comparative Policy Optimization
  2. 2025Enhancing Persona Consistency for LLMs' Role-Playing using Persona-Aware Contrastive Learning
  3. 2024BEYOND DIALOGUE: A Profile-Dialogue Alignment Framework Towards General Role-Playing Language Model
  4. 2024ERABAL: Enhancing Role-Playing Agents through Boundary-Aware Learning
  5. 2025LongRM: Revealing and Unlocking the Context Boundary of Reward Modeling
  6. 2026OSPD: On-Policy Self-Distillation for Persona-Consistent Dialogue
  7. 2026RoleCDE:Benchmarking and Mitigating Role-Alignment Trade-offs in Role-Playing Agents
  8. 2026Character Beyond Speech: Leveraging Role-Playing Evaluation in Audio Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning