Benchmarking Music Generation Models and Metrics via Human Preference Studies
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent advancements have brought generated music closer to human-created compositions, yet evaluating these models remains challenging. While human preference is the gold standard for assessing quality, translating these subjective judgments into objective metrics, particularly for text-audio alignment and music quality, has proven difficult. In this work, we generate 6k songs using 12 state-of-the-art models and conduct a survey of 15k pairwise audio comparisons with 2.5k human participants to evaluate the correlation between human preferences and widely used metrics. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to rank current state-of-the-art music generation models and metrics based on human preference. To further the field of subjective metric evaluation, we provide open access to our dataset of generated music and human evaluations.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jun 2025.
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References · 16
- 2024Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preferencecited by 1,151
- 2022Large-scale Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining with Feature Fusion and Keyword-to-Caption Augmentationcited by 707
- 2016CNN Architectures for Large-Scale Audio Classificationcited by 701
- 2022High Fidelity Neural Audio Compressioncited by 673
- 2019PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognitioncited by 563
- 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 480
- 2023MusicLM: Generating Music From Textcited by 442
- 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretrainingcited by 343
- 2018Fr'echet Audio Distance: A Metric for Evaluating Music Enhancement Algorithmscited by 221
- 2016FMA: A Dataset For Music Analysiscited by 205
- 2024Fast Timing-Conditioned Latent Audio Diffusioncited by 178
- 2023Noise2Music: Text-conditioned Music Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 173
4 more
- 2023Mustango: Toward Controllable Text-to-Music Generationcited by 100
- 2023Adapting Frechet Audio Distance for Generative Music Evaluationcited by 92
- 2023Natural Language Supervision for General-Purpose Audio Representationscited by 60
- 2022Evaluating generative audio systems and their metricscited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 11.
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- 2025Music Arena: Live Evaluation for Text-to-Musiccited by 8
- 2026MuQ-Eval: An Open-Source Per-Sample Quality Metric for AI Music Generation Evaluationcited by 6
- 2026CMI-RewardBench: Evaluating Music Reward Models with Compositional Multimodal Instructioncited by 5
- 2026TuneJury: An Open Metric for Improving Music Generation Preference Alignmentcited by 3
- 2026Fusion Segment Transformer: Bi-Directional Attention Guided Fusion Network for AI-Generated Music Detectioncited by 1
- 2025AImoclips: A Benchmark for Evaluating Emotion Conveyance in Text-to-Music Generationcited by 0
- 2025Echoes of Humanity: Exploring the Perceived Humanness of AI Musiccited by 0
- 2025Bias beyond Borders: Global Inequalities in AI-Generated Musiccited by 0
- 2026When Noise Lowers The Loss: Rethinking Likelihood-Based Evaluation in Music Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Echoes: A semantically-aligned music deepfake detection datasetcited by 0
- 2026Addressing Performance Saturation for LLM RL via Precise Entropy Curve Controlcited by 0
- 2026Seconds-Aligned PCA-DAC Latent Diffusion for Symbolic-to-Audio Drum Renderingcited by 0
- 2026TTM-Bench: A Framework for Text-to-Music System Performance Benchmarking16 Sep 2026
- 2026Improving Text-to-Music Generation with Human Preference Rewards19 Jun 2026
- 2026TuneJury: An Open Metric for Improving Music Generation Preference Alignment15 Jun 2026
- 2026HAIM: Human-AI Music Datasets for AI Music Production Tracking Benchmark1 Jun 2026
- 2026Seconds-Aligned PCA-DAC Latent Diffusion for Symbolic-to-Audio Drum Rendering13 May 2026
- 2026Addressing Performance Saturation for LLM RL via Precise Entropy Curve Control29 Apr 2026
- 2026Echoes: A semantically-aligned music deepfake detection dataset24 Mar 2026
- 2026MuQ-Eval: An Open-Source Per-Sample Quality Metric for AI Music Generation Evaluation24 Mar 2026
- 2026CMI-RewardBench: Evaluating Music Reward Models with Compositional Multimodal Instruction28 Feb 2026
- 2026When Noise Lowers The Loss: Rethinking Likelihood-Based Evaluation in Music Large Language Models2 Feb 2026
- 2026Fusion Segment Transformer: Bi-Directional Attention Guided Fusion Network for AI-Generated Music Detection20 Jan 2026
- 2025Bias beyond Borders: Global Inequalities in AI-Generated Music2 Oct 2025
3 more
- 2025Music Arena: Live Evaluation for Text-to-Musiccited by 8
- 2026MuQ-Eval: An Open-Source Per-Sample Quality Metric for AI Music Generation Evaluationcited by 6
- 2026Fusion Segment Transformer: Bi-Directional Attention Guided Fusion Network for AI-Generated Music Detectioncited by 1
- 2025AImoclips: A Benchmark for Evaluating Emotion Conveyance in Text-to-Music Generationcited by 0
- 2025Echoes of Humanity: Exploring the Perceived Humanness of AI Musiccited by 0
- 2025Bias beyond Borders: Global Inequalities in AI-Generated Musiccited by 0
- 2026When Noise Lowers The Loss: Rethinking Likelihood-Based Evaluation in Music Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Echoes: A semantically-aligned music deepfake detection datasetcited by 0
- 2026HAIM: Human-AI Music Datasets for AI Music Production Tracking Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026TTM-Bench: A Framework for Text-to-Music System Performance Benchmarkingcited by 0
- 2026TTM-Bench: A Framework for Text-to-Music System Performance Benchmarking16 Sep 2026
- 2026HAIM: Human-AI Music Datasets for AI Music Production Tracking Benchmark1 Jun 2026
- 2026Echoes: A semantically-aligned music deepfake detection dataset24 Mar 2026
- 2026MuQ-Eval: An Open-Source Per-Sample Quality Metric for AI Music Generation Evaluation24 Mar 2026
- 2026When Noise Lowers The Loss: Rethinking Likelihood-Based Evaluation in Music Large Language Models2 Feb 2026
- 2026Fusion Segment Transformer: Bi-Directional Attention Guided Fusion Network for AI-Generated Music Detection20 Jan 2026
- 2025Bias beyond Borders: Global Inequalities in AI-Generated Music2 Oct 2025
- 2025Echoes of Humanity: Exploring the Perceived Humanness of AI Music29 Sep 2025
- 2025AImoclips: A Benchmark for Evaluating Emotion Conveyance in Text-to-Music Generation31 Aug 2025
- 2025Music Arena: Live Evaluation for Text-to-Music28 Jul 2025