Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Text
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Assessing the quality of LLM-generated text remains a fundamental challenge in natural language processing. Current evaluation approaches often rely on isolated metrics or simplistic aggregations that fail to capture the nuanced trade-offs between coherence, diversity, fluency, and other relevant indicators of text quality. In this work, we adapt a recently proposed framework for statistical inference based on Generalized Stochastic Dominance (GSD) that addresses three critical limitations in existing benchmarking methodologies: the inadequacy of single-metric evaluation, the incompatibility between cardinal automatic metrics and ordinal human judgments, and the lack of inferential statistical guarantees. The GSD-front approach enables simultaneous evaluation across multiple quality dimensions while respecting their different measurement scales, building upon partial orders of decoding strategies, thus avoiding arbitrary weighting of the involved metrics. By applying this framework to evaluate common decoding strategies against human-generated text, we demonstrate its ability to identify statistically significant performance differences while accounting for potential deviations from the i.i.d. assumption of the sampling design.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 54 of its 84 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Jun 2025.
Builds on
54 of 84 references.
References · 54
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
- 2016Pointer Sentinel Mixture Modelscited by 3,096
- 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
- 2020Open Graph Benchmark: Datasets for Machine Learning on Graphscited by 2,163
- 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,193
- 2015A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Modelscited by 1,077
- 2022Contrastive Decoding: Open-ended Text Generation as Optimizationcited by 609
- 2014OpenML: networked science in machine learningcited by 526
- 2021MAUVE: Measuring the Gap Between Neural Text and Human Text using Divergence Frontierscited by 470
38 more
- 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
- 2017Beam Search Strategies for Neural Machine Translationcited by 232
- 2022A Contrastive Framework for Neural Text Generationcited by 225
- 2019Machine Learning Testing: Survey, Landscapes and Horizonscited by 218
- 2022Factuality Enhanced Language Models for Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 202
- 2023Don't Make Your LLM an Evaluation Benchmark Cheatercited by 194
- 2024The PRISM Alignment Dataset: What Participatory, Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Modelscited by 144
- 2020Evaluating the Evaluation of Diversity in Natural Language Generationcited by 129
- 2019Unifying Human and Statistical Evaluation for Natural Language Generationcited by 127
- 2024Benchmarking LLMs via Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 126
- 2016Time for a change: a tutorial for comparing multiple classifiers through Bayesian analysiscited by 93
- 2022Mapping global dynamics of benchmark creation and saturation in artificial intelligencecited by 71
- 2019Jointly Measuring Diversity and Quality in Text Generation Modelscited by 61
- 2021Scientific Machine Learning Benchmarkscited by 60
- 2024Quantifying Variance in Evaluation Benchmarkscited by 54
- 2023Credal Bayesian Deep Learningcited by 45
- 2019DeepOBS: A Deep Learning Optimizer Benchmark Suitecited by 37
- 2021A Minimax Learning Approach to Off-Policy Evaluation in Confounded Partially Observable Markov Decision Processescited by 36
- 2024Inherent Trade-Offs between Diversity and Stability in Multi-Task Benchmarkscited by 28
- 2024Evaluating language models as risk scorescited by 27
- 2024Adaptive Contrastive Search: Uncertainty-Guided Decoding for Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 27
- 2024Decoding Decoded: Understanding Hyperparameter Effects in Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 26
- 2022Statistical Comparisons of Classifiers by Generalized Stochastic Dominancecited by 20
- 2024Text Generation: A Systematic Literature Review of Tasks, Evaluation, and Challengescited by 18
- 2022A Theory of Dynamic Benchmarkscited by 16
- 2022An Empirical Study On Contrastive Search And Contrastive Decoding For Open-ended Text Generationcited by 14
- 2023Robust Statistical Comparison of Random Variables with Locally Varying Scale of Measurementcited by 13
- 2024Explaining Bayesian Optimization by Shapley Values Facilitates Human-AI Collaborationcited by 12
- 2024Time-Varying Gaussian Process Bandits with Unknown Priorcited by 11
- 2024Statistical Multicriteria Benchmarking via the GSD-Frontcited by 11
- 2021Information efficient learning of complexly structured preferences: Elicitation procedures and their application to decision making under uncertaintycited by 10
- 2023Approximately Bayes-Optimal Pseudo Label Selectioncited by 10
- 2024Towards Better Open-Ended Text Generation: A Multicriteria Evaluation Frameworkcited by 9
- 2024Partial Rankings of Optimizerscited by 8
- 2022Multi-Target Decision Making under Conditions of Severe Uncertaintycited by 7
- 2024Semi-Supervised Learning guided by the Generalized Bayes Rule under Soft Revisioncited by 6
- 2025Bayesian Optimization for Building Social-Influence-Free Consensuscited by 6
- 2025A Statistical Case Against Empirical Human-AI Alignmentcited by 6
50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 6.
9 papers.
- 2025Do Repetitions Matter? Strengthening Reliability in LLM Evaluationscited by 14
- 2025The Geometry of Creative Variability: How Credal Sets Expose Calibration Gaps in Language Modelscited by 4
- 2026The Truncation Blind Spot: How Decoding Strategies Systematically Exclude Human-Like Token Choicescited by 3
- 2026Beyond Temperature: Hyperfitting as a Late-Stage Geometric Expansioncited by 1
- 2026Breaking the Likelihood Trap: Variance-Calibrated Modulation for Large Language Model Decodingcited by 1
- 2025Empirical Decision Theorycited by 0
- 2026Self-Supervised Laplace Approximation for Bayesian Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 0
- 2026The Importance of Being Statistically Earnest: A Critical Re-evaluation of GSM-Symboliccited by 0
- 2026Reference-Based Analysis of Coherence and Diversity in Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 0
- 2026Reference-Based Analysis of Coherence and Diversity in Open-Ended Text Generation23 Sep 2026
- 2026Breaking the Likelihood Trap: Variance-Calibrated Modulation for Large Language Model Decoding21 Jun 2026
- 2026The Importance of Being Statistically Earnest: A Critical Re-evaluation of GSM-Symbolic27 May 2026
- 2026Beyond Temperature: Hyperfitting as a Late-Stage Geometric Expansion21 May 2026
- 2026Self-Supervised Laplace Approximation for Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification12 May 2026
- 2026The Truncation Blind Spot: How Decoding Strategies Systematically Exclude Human-Like Token Choices19 Mar 2026
- 2025Empirical Decision Theory5 Dec 2025
- 2025Do Repetitions Matter? Strengthening Reliability in LLM Evaluations28 Sep 2025
- 2025The Geometry of Creative Variability: How Credal Sets Expose Calibration Gaps in Language Models27 Sep 2025