DeepOBS: A Deep Learning Optimizer Benchmark Suite
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Abstract (arXiv)
Because the choice and tuning of the optimizer affects the speed, and ultimately the performance of deep learning, there is significant past and recent research in this area. Yet, perhaps surprisingly, there is no generally agreed-upon protocol for the quantitative and reproducible evaluation of optimization strategies for deep learning. We suggest routines and benchmarks for stochastic optimization, with special focus on the unique aspects of deep learning, such as stochasticity, tunability and generalization. As the primary contribution, we present DeepOBS, a Python package of deep learning optimization benchmarks. The package addresses key challenges in the quantitative assessment of stochastic optimizers, and automates most steps of benchmarking. The library includes a wide and extensible set of ready-to-use realistic optimization problems, such as training Residual Networks for image classification on ImageNet or character-level language prediction models, as well as popular classics like MNIST and CIFAR-10. The package also provides realistic baseline results for the most popular optimizers on these test problems, ensuring a fair comparison to the competition when benchmarking new optimizers, and without having to run costly experiments. It comes with output back-ends that directly produce LaTeX code for inclusion in academic publications. It supports TensorFlow and is available open source.
Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 13 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 5; 2023: 4; 2024: 9; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
37 papers.
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- 2021Scalable Marginal Likelihood Estimation for Model Selection in Deep Learningcited by 105
- 2024Deconstructing What Makes a Good Optimizer for Language Modelscited by 40
- 2021Hyperparameter Optimization Is Deceiving Us, and How to Stop Itcited by 20
- 2022Generalized Variational Inference in Function Spaces: Gaussian Measures meet Bayesian Deep Learningcited by 20
- 2021ViViT: Curvature access through the generalized Gauss-Newton's low-rank structurecited by 16
- 2023The Memory Perturbation Equation: Understanding Model's Sensitivity to Datacited by 16
- 2024Statistical Multicriteria Benchmarking via the GSD-Frontcited by 11
- 2021Large-Scale Deep Learning Optimizations: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 10
- 2024Towards Better Open-Ended Text Generation: A Multicriteria Evaluation Frameworkcited by 9
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Textcited by 9
- 2022HesScale: Scalable Computation of Hessian Diagonalscited by 8
- 2024Partial Rankings of Optimizerscited by 8
25 more
- 2021Cockpit: A Practical Debugging Tool for the Training of Deep Neural Networkscited by 7
- 2024Function-space Parameterization of Neural Networks for Sequential Learningcited by 7
- 2024Revisiting Scalable Hessian Diagonal Approximations for Applications in Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2023NeuroEvoBench: Benchmarking Evolutionary Optimizers for Deep Learning Applicationscited by 4
- 2025Celo: Training Versatile Learned Optimizers on a Compute Dietcited by 4
- 2022A Stochastic Bundle Method for Interpolating Networkscited by 3
- 2022Empirical Study on Optimizer Selection for Out-of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 3
- 2026PPI-SVRG: Unifying Prediction-Powered Inference and Variance Reduction for Semi-Supervised Optimizationcited by 3
- 2024Debiasing Mini-Batch Quadratics for Applications in Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2023Adaptive Step Sizes for Preconditioned Stochastic Gradient Descentcited by 1
- 2024Should I try multiple optimizers when fine-tuning pre-trained Transformers for NLP tasks? Should I tune their hyperparameters?cited by 1
- 2025Connecting Parameter Magnitudes and Hessian Eigenspaces at Scale using Sketched Methodscited by 1
- 2025Simple Optimizers for Convex Aligned Multi-Objective Optimizationcited by 1
- 2025Design Criteria for SGD Preconditioners: Local Conditioning, Noise Floors, and Basin Stabilitycited by 1
- 2021Gravity Optimizer: a Kinematic Approach on Optimization in Deep Learningcited by 0
- 2021A Probabilistically Motivated Learning Rate Adaptation for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 0
- 2021Surrogate Model Based Hyperparameter Tuning for Deep Learning with SPOTcited by 0
- 2022On the benefits of non-linear weight updatescited by 0
- 2023Judging Adam: Studying the Performance of Optimization Methods on ML4SE Taskscited by 0
- 2024Fast Optimizer Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2025Training neural networks faster with minimal tuning using pre-computed lists of hyperparameters for NAdamWcited by 0
- 2026Second-Order, First-Class: A Composable Stack for Curvature-Aware Trainingcited by 0
- 2026AdamX: Cosine similarity meets gradient descentcited by 0
- 2026Benchmarking Optimizers to Solve Inverse Problems with Differentiable Physics Simulatorscited by 0
- 2026AURA: Angular Update Rate Adaptation for training complex-valued neural networkscited by 0
- 2026AURA: Angular Update Rate Adaptation for training complex-valued neural networks22 Sep 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Optimizers to Solve Inverse Problems with Differentiable Physics Simulators12 Sep 2026
- 2026AdamX: Cosine similarity meets gradient descent10 Sep 2026
- 2026Second-Order, First-Class: A Composable Stack for Curvature-Aware Training26 Mar 2026
- 2026PPI-SVRG: Unifying Prediction-Powered Inference and Variance Reduction for Semi-Supervised Optimization29 Jan 2026
- 2025Design Criteria for SGD Preconditioners: Local Conditioning, Noise Floors, and Basin Stability24 Nov 2025
- 2025Simple Optimizers for Convex Aligned Multi-Objective Optimization6 Sep 2025
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Text22 Jun 2025
- 2025Connecting Parameter Magnitudes and Hessian Eigenspaces at Scale using Sketched Methods20 Apr 2025
- 2025Training neural networks faster with minimal tuning using pre-computed lists of hyperparameters for NAdamW6 Mar 2025
- 2025Celo: Training Versatile Learned Optimizers on a Compute Diet22 Jan 2025
- 2024Towards Better Open-Ended Text Generation: A Multicriteria Evaluation Framework24 Oct 2024
25 more
- 2024Debiasing Mini-Batch Quadratics for Applications in Deep Learning18 Oct 2024
- 2024Deconstructing What Makes a Good Optimizer for Language Models10 Jul 2024
- 2024Fast Optimizer Benchmark26 Jun 2024
- 2024Statistical Multicriteria Benchmarking via the GSD-Front6 Jun 2024
- 2024Revisiting Scalable Hessian Diagonal Approximations for Applications in Reinforcement Learning5 Jun 2024
- 2024Function-space Parameterization of Neural Networks for Sequential Learning16 Mar 2024
- 2024Partial Rankings of Optimizers26 Feb 2024
- 2024Should I try multiple optimizers when fine-tuning pre-trained Transformers for NLP tasks? Should I tune their hyperparameters?10 Feb 2024
- 2023Adaptive Step Sizes for Preconditioned Stochastic Gradient Descent28 Nov 2023
- 2023NeuroEvoBench: Benchmarking Evolutionary Optimizers for Deep Learning Applications4 Nov 2023
- 2023The Memory Perturbation Equation: Understanding Model's Sensitivity to Data30 Oct 2023
- 2023Judging Adam: Studying the Performance of Optimization Methods on ML4SE Tasks6 Mar 2023
- 2022Empirical Study on Optimizer Selection for Out-of-Distribution Generalization15 Nov 2022
- 2022HesScale: Scalable Computation of Hessian Diagonals20 Oct 2022
- 2022On the benefits of non-linear weight updates25 Jul 2022
- 2022Generalized Variational Inference in Function Spaces: Gaussian Measures meet Bayesian Deep Learning12 May 2022
- 2022A Stochastic Bundle Method for Interpolating Networks29 Jan 2022
- 2021Large-Scale Deep Learning Optimizations: A Comprehensive Survey1 Nov 2021
- 2021ViViT: Curvature access through the generalized Gauss-Newton's low-rank structure4 Jun 2021
- 2021Surrogate Model Based Hyperparameter Tuning for Deep Learning with SPOT30 May 2021
- 2021Scalable Marginal Likelihood Estimation for Model Selection in Deep Learning11 Apr 2021
- 2021A Probabilistically Motivated Learning Rate Adaptation for Stochastic Optimization22 Feb 2021
- 2021Cockpit: A Practical Debugging Tool for the Training of Deep Neural Networks12 Feb 2021
- 2021Hyperparameter Optimization Is Deceiving Us, and How to Stop It5 Feb 2021
- 2021Gravity Optimizer: a Kinematic Approach on Optimization in Deep Learning22 Jan 2021
- 2021Scalable Marginal Likelihood Estimation for Model Selection in Deep Learningcited by 105
- 2024Deconstructing What Makes a Good Optimizer for Language Modelscited by 40
- 2021Hyperparameter Optimization Is Deceiving Us, and How to Stop Itcited by 20
- 2022Generalized Variational Inference in Function Spaces: Gaussian Measures meet Bayesian Deep Learningcited by 20
- 2021ViViT: Curvature access through the generalized Gauss-Newton's low-rank structurecited by 16
- 2023The Memory Perturbation Equation: Understanding Model's Sensitivity to Datacited by 16
- 2024Statistical Multicriteria Benchmarking via the GSD-Frontcited by 11
- 2021Large-Scale Deep Learning Optimizations: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 10
- 2024Towards Better Open-Ended Text Generation: A Multicriteria Evaluation Frameworkcited by 9
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Textcited by 9
- 2022HesScale: Scalable Computation of Hessian Diagonalscited by 8
- 2024Partial Rankings of Optimizerscited by 8
12 most cited of 37 All 37 (JSON)
- 2026AURA: Angular Update Rate Adaptation for training complex-valued neural networks22 Sep 2026
- 2026Benchmarking Optimizers to Solve Inverse Problems with Differentiable Physics Simulators12 Sep 2026
- 2026AdamX: Cosine similarity meets gradient descent10 Sep 2026
- 2026Second-Order, First-Class: A Composable Stack for Curvature-Aware Training26 Mar 2026
- 2026PPI-SVRG: Unifying Prediction-Powered Inference and Variance Reduction for Semi-Supervised Optimization29 Jan 2026
- 2025Design Criteria for SGD Preconditioners: Local Conditioning, Noise Floors, and Basin Stability24 Nov 2025
- 2025Simple Optimizers for Convex Aligned Multi-Objective Optimization6 Sep 2025
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Text22 Jun 2025
- 2025Connecting Parameter Magnitudes and Hessian Eigenspaces at Scale using Sketched Methods20 Apr 2025
- 2025Training neural networks faster with minimal tuning using pre-computed lists of hyperparameters for NAdamW6 Mar 2025
- 2025Celo: Training Versatile Learned Optimizers on a Compute Diet22 Jan 2025
- 2024Towards Better Open-Ended Text Generation: A Multicriteria Evaluation Framework24 Oct 2024
12 newest of 37 All 37 (JSON)