An Empirical Study On Contrastive Search And Contrastive Decoding For Open-ended Text Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
In the study, we empirically compare the two recently proposed decoding methods, i.e. Contrastive Search (CS) and Contrastive Decoding (CD), for open-ended text generation. The automatic evaluation results suggest that, while CS performs worse than CD on the MAUVE metric, it substantially surpasses CD on the diversity and coherence metrics. More notably, extensive human evaluations across three different domains demonstrate that human annotators are universally more in favor of CS over CD with substantial margins. The contradicted results between MAUVE and human evaluations reveal that MAUVE does not accurately reflect human preferences. Therefore, we call upon the research community to develop better evaluation metrics for open-ended text generation. To ensure the reproducibility of our work, we have open-sourced all our code, evaluation results, as well as human annotations at https://github.com/yxuansu/Contrastive_Search_versus_Contrastive_Decoding.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 14 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Nov 2022.
Builds on
11 of 14 references.
References · 11
- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,512
- 2016Pointer Sentinel Mixture Modelscited by 3,096
- 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
- 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,193
- 2015Aligning Books and Movies: Towards Story-like Visual Explanations by Watching Movies and Reading Bookscited by 1,043
- 2022Contrastive Decoding: Open-ended Text Generation as Optimizationcited by 609
- 2021MAUVE: Measuring the Gap Between Neural Text and Human Text using Divergence Frontierscited by 470
- 2022A Contrastive Framework for Neural Text Generationcited by 225
- 2022Language Models Can See: Plugging Visual Controls in Text Generationcited by 90
- 2022Contrastive Search Is What You Need For Neural Text Generationcited by 59
- 2020Prototype-to-Style: Dialogue Generation with Style-Aware Editing on Retrieval Memorycited by 22
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 6; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
14 papers.
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- 2024Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluationcited by 74
- 2023Evaluating Large Language Models on Controlled Generation Taskscited by 73
- 2023Repetition In Repetition Out: Towards Understanding Neural Text Degeneration from the Data Perspectivecited by 39
- 2022MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practicecited by 36
- 2023A Frustratingly Simple Decoding Method for Neural Text Generationcited by 16
- 2023Look-back Decoding for Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 10
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Textcited by 9
- 2023Language Model Decoding as Direct Metrics Optimizationcited by 8
- 2023Speculative Contrastive Decodingcited by 8
- 2025A Statistical Case Against Empirical Human-AI Alignmentcited by 6
- 2022Momentum Decoding: Open-ended Text Generation As Graph Explorationcited by 4
- 2026MACD: Model-Aware Contrastive Decoding via Counterfactual Datacited by 2
- 2026MACD: Model-Aware Contrastive Decoding via Counterfactual Data2 Feb 2026
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Text22 Jun 2025
- 2025A Statistical Case Against Empirical Human-AI Alignment20 Feb 2025
- 2025Energy-Conscious LLM Decoding: Impact of Text Generation Strategies on GPU Energy Consumption17 Feb 2025
- 2024Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluation15 Jul 2024
- 2024On the performativity of SDG classifications in large bibliometric databases5 May 2024
- 2023Speculative Contrastive Decoding15 Nov 2023
- 2023Evaluating Large Language Models on Controlled Generation Tasks23 Oct 2023
- 2023Repetition In Repetition Out: Towards Understanding Neural Text Degeneration from the Data Perspective16 Oct 2023
- 2023Language Model Decoding as Direct Metrics Optimization2 Oct 2023
- 2023Look-back Decoding for Open-Ended Text Generation22 May 2023
- 2023A Frustratingly Simple Decoding Method for Neural Text Generation22 May 2023
2 more
- 2024Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluationcited by 74
- 2023Evaluating Large Language Models on Controlled Generation Taskscited by 73
- 2023Repetition In Repetition Out: Towards Understanding Neural Text Degeneration from the Data Perspectivecited by 39
- 2022MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practicecited by 36
- 2023A Frustratingly Simple Decoding Method for Neural Text Generationcited by 16
- 2023Look-back Decoding for Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 10
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Textcited by 9
- 2023Language Model Decoding as Direct Metrics Optimizationcited by 8
- 2023Speculative Contrastive Decodingcited by 8
- 2025A Statistical Case Against Empirical Human-AI Alignmentcited by 6
- 2022Momentum Decoding: Open-ended Text Generation As Graph Explorationcited by 4
- 2026MACD: Model-Aware Contrastive Decoding via Counterfactual Datacited by 2
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026MACD: Model-Aware Contrastive Decoding via Counterfactual Data2 Feb 2026
- 2025Statistical Multicriteria Evaluation of LLM-Generated Text22 Jun 2025
- 2025A Statistical Case Against Empirical Human-AI Alignment20 Feb 2025
- 2025Energy-Conscious LLM Decoding: Impact of Text Generation Strategies on GPU Energy Consumption17 Feb 2025
- 2024Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluation15 Jul 2024
- 2024On the performativity of SDG classifications in large bibliometric databases5 May 2024
- 2023Speculative Contrastive Decoding15 Nov 2023
- 2023Evaluating Large Language Models on Controlled Generation Tasks23 Oct 2023
- 2023Repetition In Repetition Out: Towards Understanding Neural Text Degeneration from the Data Perspective16 Oct 2023
- 2023Language Model Decoding as Direct Metrics Optimization2 Oct 2023
- 2023Look-back Decoding for Open-Ended Text Generation22 May 2023
- 2023A Frustratingly Simple Decoding Method for Neural Text Generation22 May 2023
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)