mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Game-Theoretic Negotiation Framework for Cross-Cultural Consensus in LLMs

arXiv 2506.13245 ↗First posted 16 Jun 2025cs.AI cs.CY cs.GTcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

The increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs) is influencing global value systems. However, these models frequently exhibit a pronounced WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) cultural bias due to lack of attention to minority values. This monocultural perspective may reinforce dominant values and marginalize diverse cultural viewpoints, posing challenges for the development of equitable and inclusive AI systems. In this work, we introduce a systematic framework designed to boost fair and robust cross-cultural consensus among LLMs. We model consensus as a Nash Equilibrium and employ a game-theoretic negotiation method based on Policy-Space Response Oracles (PSRO) to simulate an organized cross-cultural negotiation process. To evaluate this approach, we construct regional cultural agents using data transformed from the World Values Survey (WVS). Beyond the conventional model-level evaluation method, We further propose two quantitative metrics, Perplexity-based Acceptence and Values Self-Consistency, to assess consensus outcomes. Experimental results indicate that our approach generates consensus of higher quality while ensuring more balanced compromise compared to baselines. Overall, it mitigates WEIRD bias by guiding agents toward convergence through fair and gradual negotiation steps.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 78 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jun 2025.

Builds on

35 of 78 references.

References · 35

  1. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  3. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
  4. 2023Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debatecited by 1,739
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  10. 2024Debating with More Persuasive LLMs Leads to More Truthful Answerscited by 255
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23 more
  1. 2024Rethinking the Bounds of LLM Reasoning: Are Multi-Agent Discussions the Key?cited by 153
  2. 2023Large language models in healthcare and medical domain: A reviewcited by 126
  3. 2024Collective Constitutional AI: Aligning a Language Model with Public Inputcited by 120
  4. 2023Cultural Alignment in Large Language Models: An Explanatory Analysis Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensionscited by 111
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  6. 2024Game-theoretic LLM: Agent Workflow for Negotiation Gamescited by 55
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  10. 2024LLM Voting: Human Choices and AI Collective Decision Makingcited by 47
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  12. 2024Ethical Reasoning and Moral Value Alignment of LLMs Depend on the Language we Prompt them incited by 45
  13. 2023Rethinking Machine Ethics -- Can LLMs Perform Moral Reasoning through the Lens of Moral Theories?cited by 36
  14. 2023The Consensus Game: Language Model Generation via Equilibrium Searchcited by 35
  15. 2023Assessing LLMs for Moral Value Pluralismcited by 34
  16. 2025Break the Checkbox: Challenging Closed-Style Evaluations of Cultural Alignment in LLMscited by 26
  17. 2024An Electoral Approach to Diversify LLM-based Multi-Agent Collective Decision-Makingcited by 14
  18. 2024ProgressGym: Alignment with a Millennium of Moral Progresscited by 9
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  20. 2021Investigation of Independent Reinforcement Learning Algorithms in Multi-Agent Environmentscited by 5
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  23. 2024Sequence Graph Network for Online Debate Analysiscited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.

  1. 2026Multi-Agent Debate Strategies: Survey, Taxonomy, and Challengescited by 3
  2. 2026VISA: Value Injection via Shielded Adaptation for Personalized LLM Alignmentcited by 0

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  1. 2026Beyond Alignment: Value Diversity as a Collective Property in Multicultural Agent Systems
  2. 2025Cross-cultural value alignment frameworks for responsible AI governance: Evidence from China-West comparative analysis
  3. 2025Multiple LLM Agents Debate for Equitable Cultural Alignment
  4. 2025An Evaluation of Cultural Value Alignment in LLM
  5. 2025CCD-Bench: Probing Cultural Conflict in Large Language Model Decision-Making
  6. 2025The Illusion of Rationality: Tacit Bias and Strategic Dominance in Frontier LLM Negotiation Games
  7. 2025Understanding LLM Agent Behaviours via Game Theory: Strategy Recognition, Biases and Multi-Agent Dynamics
  8. 2025Strategic Tradeoffs Between Humans and AI in Multi-Agent Bargaining