mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

NRC VAD Lexicon v2: Norms for Valence, Arousal, and Dominance for over 55k English Terms

arXiv 2503.23547 ↗First posted 30 Mar 2025cs.CLcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

Factor analysis studies have shown that the primary dimensions of word meaning are Valence (V), Arousal (A), and Dominance (D) (also referred to in social cognition research as Competence (C)). These dimensions impact various aspects of our lives from social competence and emotion regulation to success in the work place and how we view the world. We present here the NRC VAD Lexicon v2, which has human ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance for more than 55,000 English words and phrases. Notably, it adds entries for ~25k additional words to v1.0. It also now includes for the first time entries for common multi-word phrases (~10k). We show that the associations are highly reliable. The lexicon enables a wide variety of research in psychology, NLP, public health, digital humanities, and social sciences. The NRC VAD Lexicon v2 is made freely available for research through our project webpage.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Mar 2025.

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5 of 49 references.

References · 5

  1. 2023AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languagescited by 68
  2. 2017Word Affect Intensitiescited by 51
  3. 2022Best Practices in the Creation and Use of Emotion Lexiconscited by 27
  4. 2014DepecheMood: a Lexicon for Emotion Analysis from Crowd-Annotated Newscited by 13
  5. 2024WorryWords: Norms of Anxiety Association for over 44k English Wordscited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 8; 2026: 19.

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  1. 2026Valence-Arousal Subspace in LLMs: Circular Emotion Geometry and Multi-Behavioral Controlcited by 16
  2. 2025Feel the Difference? A Comparative Analysis of Emotional Arcs in Real and LLM-Generated CBT Sessionscited by 11
  3. 2025Words of Warmth: Trust and Sociability Norms for over 26k English Wordscited by 4
  4. 2025EmoCaliber: Advancing Reliable Visual Emotion Comprehension via Confidence Verbalization and Calibrationcited by 4
  5. 2025KLAAD: Refining Attention Mechanisms to Reduce Societal Bias in Generative Language Modelscited by 3
  6. 2026Affective Context Amplifies Sycophancy in LLM Responsescited by 3
  7. 2025Computational Multi-Agents Society Experiments: Social Modeling Framework Based on Generative Agentscited by 2
  8. 2026Cultural Counterfactuals: Evaluating Cultural Biases in Large Vision-Language Models with Counterfactual Examplescited by 2
  9. 2026Authority Bias in Language Models: Source Deference and User Agreement Are Not Interchangeablecited by 2
  10. 2026DimABSA: Building Multilingual and Multidomain Datasets for Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 1
  11. 2026How Emotion Shapes the Behavior of LLMs and Agents: A Mechanistic Studycited by 1
  12. 2026MooD: Perception-Enhanced Efficient Affective Image Editing via Continuous Valence-Arousal Modelingcited by 1
15 more
  1. 2025Affect-aware Cross-Domain Recommendation for Art Therapy via Music Preference Elicitationcited by 0
  2. 2025TOPol: Capturing and Explaining Multidimensional Semantic Polarity Fields and Vectorscited by 0
  3. 2025Quantifying Emotional Tone in Tolkien's The Hobbit: Dialogue Sentiment Analysis with RegEx, NRC-VAD, and Pythoncited by 0
  4. 2026Annotating Dimensions of Social Perception in Text: A Sentence-Level Dataset of Warmth and Competencecited by 0
  5. 2026Improving Neural Argumentative Stance Classification in Controversial Topics with Emotion-Lexicon Featurescited by 0
  6. 2026Quantifying Media Representation Dynamics Across 25 Years of News Reporting on Policing-related Deathscited by 0
  7. 2026End-to-End Machine Learning for Depressive State Classification via EEG and fNIRScited by 0
  8. 2026Persuasion Index: A Theory-Guided Framework for Persuasion Analysiscited by 0
  9. 2026LLM-Based Synthetic Ground Truth Generation for Audio-Based Emotion Classification via In-Context Learningcited by 0
  10. 2026A Comparative Study on Affective Cues in Text Embeddings Across Psychological Emotion Theoriescited by 0
  11. 2026EmoLASP: Emotion Recognition with Language Models and Answer Set Programmingcited by 0
  12. 2026Replicating the Geometry of Emotion Representations in a Base Open-Weights Modelcited by 0
  13. 2026PersMem: Internalizing Personality into Dual-Pathway Memory for LLM Agentscited by 0
  14. 2026Beyond End-to-End Black Box Mapping: An Intentional Agent Framework for Cognitive-driven Facial Reaction Generationcited by 0
  15. 2026MASCRDM: Multi-Agent System for Compliance Risk Detection and Mitigation in Training Process of Large Language Modelscited by 0