mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Best Practices in the Creation and Use of Emotion Lexicons

arXiv 2210.07206 ↗First posted 13 Oct 2022cs.CLcited by 27

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Abstract (arXiv)

Words play a central role in how we express ourselves. Lexicons of word-emotion associations are widely used in research and real-world applications for sentiment analysis, tracking emotions associated with products and policies, studying health disorders, tracking emotional arcs of stories, and so on. However, inappropriate and incorrect use of these lexicons can lead to not just sub-optimal results, but also inferences that are directly harmful to people. This paper brings together ideas from Affective Computing and AI Ethics to present, some of the practical and ethical considerations involved in the creation and use of emotion lexicons -- best practices. The goal is to provide a comprehensive set of relevant considerations, so that readers (especially those new to work with emotions) can find relevant information in one place. We hope this work will facilitate more thoughtfulness when one is deciding on what emotions to work on, how to create an emotion lexicon, how to use an emotion lexicon, how to draw meaningful inferences, and how to judge success.

Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 72 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2022.

Builds on

10 of 72 references.

References · 10

  1. 2018Datasheets for Datasetscited by 1,386
  2. 2018Model Cards for Model Reportingcited by 1,080
  3. 2013Crowdsourcing a Word-Emotion Association Lexiconcited by 196
  4. 2017Best-Worst Scaling More Reliable than Rating Scales: A Case Study on Sentiment Intensity Annotationcited by 79
  5. 2017Capturing Reliable Fine-Grained Sentiment Associations by Crowdsourcing and Best-Worst Scalingcited by 23
  6. 2021Ethics Sheet for Automatic Emotion Recognition and Sentiment Analysiscited by 22
  7. 2021Ethics Sheets for AI Taskscited by 18
  8. 2020Practical and Ethical Considerations in the Effective use of Emotion and Sentiment Lexiconscited by 17
  9. 2021What Makes Sentences Semantically Related: A Textual Relatedness Dataset and Empirical Studycited by 15
  10. 2020SOLO: A Corpus of Tweets for Examining the State of Being Alonecited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 6.

27 papers.

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  1. 2023AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languagescited by 68
  2. 2023SemEval-2023 Task 12: Sentiment Analysis for African Languages (AfriSenti-SemEval)cited by 41
  3. 2025BRIGHTER: BRIdging the Gap in Human-Annotated Textual Emotion Recognition Datasets for 28 Languagescited by 27
  4. 2025NRC VAD Lexicon v2: Norms for Valence, Arousal, and Dominance for over 55k English Termscited by 27
  5. 2023Evaluating Emotion Arcs Across Languages: Bridging the Global Divide in Sentiment Analysiscited by 16
  6. 2023Language and Mental Health: Measures of Emotion Dynamics from Text as Linguistic Biosocial Markerscited by 11
  7. 2024WorryWords: Norms of Anxiety Association for over 44k English Wordscited by 10
  8. 2025SemEval-2025 Task 11: Bridging the Gap in Text-Based Emotion Detectioncited by 9
  9. 2024Emotion Granularity from Text: An Aggregate-Level Indicator of Mental Healthcited by 4
  10. 2024Building Better: Avoiding Pitfalls in Developing Language Resources when Data is Scarcecited by 4
  11. 2025Words of Warmth: Trust and Sociability Norms for over 26k English Wordscited by 4
  12. 2026SemEval-2026 Task 3: Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (DimABSA)cited by 4
15 more
  1. 2025Affect, Body, Cognition, Demographics, and Emotion: The ABCDE of Text Features for Computational Affective Sciencecited by 2
  2. 2023Utterance Emotion Dynamics in Children's Poems: Emotional Changes Across Agecited by 1
  3. 2025The Language of Interoception: Examining Embodiment and Emotion Through a Corpus of Body Part Mentionscited by 1
  4. 2025Breaking Bad: Norms for Valence, Arousal, and Dominance for over 10k English Multiword Expressionscited by 1
  5. 2026DimABSA: Building Multilingual and Multidomain Datasets for Dimensional Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 1
  6. 2023Affect as a proxy for literary moodcited by 0
  7. 2023A Cost-aware Study of Depression Language on Social Media using Topic and Affect Contextualizationcited by 0
  8. 2025UoB-NLP at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Leveraging Adapters for Multilingual and Cross-Lingual Emotion Detectioncited by 0
  9. 2025University of Indonesia at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Evaluating State-of-the-Art Encoders for Multi-Label Emotion Detectioncited by 0
  10. 2025EmoBench-UA: A Benchmark Dataset for Emotion Detection in Ukrainiancited by 0
  11. 2025CSIRO-LT at SemEval-2025 Task 11: Adapting LLMs for Emotion Recognition for Multiple Languagescited by 0
  12. 2026Annotating Dimensions of Social Perception in Text: A Sentence-Level Dataset of Warmth and Competencecited by 0
  13. 2026When are We Worried? Temporal Trends of Anxiety and What They Reveal about Uscited by 0
  14. 2026From Trial by Fire To Sleep Like a Baby: A Lexicon of Anxiety Associations for 20k English Multiword Expressionscited by 0
  15. 2026Improving Neural Argumentative Stance Classification in Controversial Topics with Emotion-Lexicon Featurescited by 0