LLM-Powered User Simulator for Recommender System
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Abstract (arXiv)
User simulators can rapidly generate a large volume of timely user behavior data, providing a testing platform for reinforcement learning-based recommender systems, thus accelerating their iteration and optimization. However, prevalent user simulators generally suffer from significant limitations, including the opacity of user preference modeling and the incapability of evaluating simulation accuracy. In this paper, we introduce an LLM-powered user simulator to simulate user engagement with items in an explicit manner, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of reinforcement learning-based recommender systems training. Specifically, we identify the explicit logic of user preferences, leverage LLMs to analyze item characteristics and distill user sentiments, and design a logical model to imitate real human engagement. By integrating a statistical model, we further enhance the reliability of the simulation, proposing an ensemble model that synergizes logical and statistical insights for user interaction simulations. Capitalizing on the extensive knowledge and semantic generation capabilities of LLMs, our user simulator faithfully emulates user behaviors and preferences, yielding high-fidelity training data that enrich the training of recommendation algorithms. We establish quantifying and qualifying experiments on five datasets to validate the simulator's effectiveness and stability across various recommendation scenarios.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Dec 2024.
Builds on
15 of 43 references.
References · 15
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- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
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- 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,274
- 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,592
- 2023Navigate through Enigmatic Labyrinth A Survey of Chain of Thought Reasoning: Advances, Frontiers and Futurecited by 184
- 2023LLM Lies: Hallucinations are not Bugs, but Features as Adversarial Examplescited by 177
- 2019RecSim: A Configurable Simulation Platform for Recommender Systemscited by 94
- 2018RecoGym: A Reinforcement Learning Environment for the problem of Product Recommendation in Online Advertisingcited by 65
- 2023Rethinking the Evaluation for Conversational Recommendation in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 48
- 2024Rethinking Large Language Model Architectures for Sequential Recommendationscited by 27
- 2024Large Language Model Distilling Medication Recommendation Modelcited by 26
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 20; 2026: 19.
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- 2025A Survey on LLM-powered Agents for Recommender Systemscited by 50
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 33
- 2025AgentCF++: Memory-enhanced LLM-based Agents for Popularity-aware Cross-domain Recommendationscited by 24
- 2025RecoWorld: Building Simulated Environments for Agentic Recommender Systemscited by 19
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulationcited by 18
- 2025Logic Jailbreak: Efficiently Unlocking LLM Safety Restrictions Through Formal Logical Expressioncited by 16
- 2025Position: The Real Barrier to LLM Agent Usability is Agentic ROIcited by 12
- 2026ConvApparel: A Benchmark Dataset and Validation Framework for User Simulators in Conversational Recommenderscited by 12
- 2025ThinkRec: Thinking-based recommendation via LLMcited by 11
- 2025Personalize Before Retrieve: LLM-based Personalized Query Expansion for User-Centric Retrievalcited by 11
- 2026Quantifying the Utility of User Simulators for Building Collaborative LLM Assistantscited by 10
- 2026Clarify Before You Draw: Proactive Agents for Robust Text-to-CAD Generationcited by 7
27 more
- 2025Towards Personalized Conversational Sales Agents: Contextual User Profiling for Strategic Actioncited by 6
- 2025CrowdLLM: Building LLM-Based Digital Populations Augmented with Generative Modelscited by 5
- 2025Mirroring Users: Towards Building Preference-aligned User Simulator with User Feedback in Recommendationcited by 4
- 2025Talk Less, Call Right: Enhancing Role-Play LLM Agents with Automatic Prompt Optimization and Role Promptingcited by 4
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testingcited by 4
- 2026Autonomous Information Seeking: A Roadmap for Agentic Recommender Systemscited by 4
- 2025TAPO: Task-Referenced Adaptation for Prompt Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025LLM-Based User Simulation for Low-Knowledge Shilling Attacks on Recommender Systemscited by 3
- 2025GFlowGR: Fine-tuning Generative Recommendation Frameworks with Generative Flow Networkscited by 3
- 2025TalkPlayData 2: An Agentic Synthetic Data Pipeline for Multimodal Conversational Music Recommendationcited by 3
- 2025G-UBS: Towards Robust Understanding of Implicit Feedback via Group-Aware User Behavior Simulationcited by 2
- 2025Quantifying the Potential to Escape Filter Bubbles: A Behavior-Aware Measure via Contrastive Simulationcited by 2
- 2025LLMs Meet Cross-Modal Time Series Analytics: Overview and Directionscited by 1
- 2025MMSRARec: Summarization and Retrieval Augumented Sequential Recommendation Based on Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 1
- 2026Judging with Personality and Confidence: A Study on Personality-Conditioned LLM Relevance Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026ShiJianBench: From Dialogue to Decision for Long-Horizon Evaluation of Investment Advisorscited by 1
- 2026CoNRec: Context-Discerning Negative Recommendation with LLMscited by 0
- 2026PersonaAct: Simulating Short-Video Users with Personalized Agents for Counterfactual Filter Bubble Auditingcited by 0
- 2026LLM-driven Multimodal Recommendationcited by 0
- 2026Generative Pseudo-Labeling for Pre-Ranking with LLMscited by 0
- 2026Through Their Eyes: Fixation-aligned Tuning for Personalized User Emulationcited by 0
- 2026Meituan Merchant Business Diagnosis via Policy-Guided Dual-Process User Simulationcited by 0
- 2026AgentGR: Semantic-aware Agentic Group Decision-Making Simulator for Group Recommendationcited by 0
- 2026TailorMind: Towards Preference-Aligned Multimodal Content Generationcited by 0
- 2026SR-Agent: An Experience-Driven Agentic Framework for Post-Ranking Strategy Refinement in E-Commerce Recommendationcited by 0
- 2026Agents as Knowledge Integrator and Utilizer in Multimodal Recommendationcited by 0
- 2026PsyBer-Agent: A Psychology-Driven User Agent for Recommender Systemscited by 0
- 2026PsyBer-Agent: A Psychology-Driven User Agent for Recommender Systems26 Sep 2026
- 2026Agents as Knowledge Integrator and Utilizer in Multimodal Recommendation29 Aug 2026
- 2026ShiJianBench: From Dialogue to Decision for Long-Horizon Evaluation of Investment Advisors2 Aug 2026
- 2026SR-Agent: An Experience-Driven Agentic Framework for Post-Ranking Strategy Refinement in E-Commerce Recommendation20 Jul 2026
- 2026Autonomous Information Seeking: A Roadmap for Agentic Recommender Systems5 Jul 2026
- 2026TailorMind: Towards Preference-Aligned Multimodal Content Generation22 Jun 2026
- 2026AgentGR: Semantic-aware Agentic Group Decision-Making Simulator for Group Recommendation11 May 2026
- 2026Quantifying the Utility of User Simulators for Building Collaborative LLM Assistants10 May 2026
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Meituan Merchant Business Diagnosis via Policy-Guided Dual-Process User Simulation16 Apr 2026
- 2026Through Their Eyes: Fixation-aligned Tuning for Personalized User Emulation10 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative Pseudo-Labeling for Pre-Ranking with LLMs24 Feb 2026
27 more
- 2026ConvApparel: A Benchmark Dataset and Validation Framework for User Simulators in Conversational Recommenders18 Feb 2026
- 2026LLM-driven Multimodal Recommendation5 Feb 2026
- 2026Clarify Before You Draw: Proactive Agents for Robust Text-to-CAD Generation3 Feb 2026
- 2026PersonaAct: Simulating Short-Video Users with Personalized Agents for Counterfactual Filter Bubble Auditing30 Jan 2026
- 2026CoNRec: Context-Discerning Negative Recommendation with LLMs22 Jan 2026
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testing8 Jan 2026
- 2026Judging with Personality and Confidence: A Study on Personality-Conditioned LLM Relevance Assessment5 Jan 2026
- 2025MMSRARec: Summarization and Retrieval Augumented Sequential Recommendation Based on Multimodal Large Language Model24 Dec 2025
- 2025CrowdLLM: Building LLM-Based Digital Populations Augmented with Generative Models2 Dec 2025
- 2025Quantifying the Potential to Escape Filter Bubbles: A Behavior-Aware Measure via Contrastive Simulation27 Nov 2025
- 2025Personalize Before Retrieve: LLM-based Personalized Query Expansion for User-Centric Retrieval10 Oct 2025
- 2025RecoWorld: Building Simulated Environments for Agentic Recommender Systems12 Sep 2025
- 2025Talk Less, Call Right: Enhancing Role-Play LLM Agents with Automatic Prompt Optimization and Role Prompting30 Aug 2025
- 2025Mirroring Users: Towards Building Preference-aligned User Simulator with User Feedback in Recommendation25 Aug 2025
- 2025TalkPlayData 2: An Agentic Synthetic Data Pipeline for Multimodal Conversational Music Recommendation18 Aug 2025
- 2025G-UBS: Towards Robust Understanding of Implicit Feedback via Group-Aware User Behavior Simulation7 Aug 2025
- 2025LLMs Meet Cross-Modal Time Series Analytics: Overview and Directions13 Jul 2025
- 2025GFlowGR: Fine-tuning Generative Recommendation Frameworks with Generative Flow Networks19 Jun 2025
- 2025Position: The Real Barrier to LLM Agent Usability is Agentic ROI23 May 2025
- 2025ThinkRec: Thinking-based recommendation via LLM21 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Based User Simulation for Low-Knowledge Shilling Attacks on Recommender Systems18 May 2025
- 2025Logic Jailbreak: Efficiently Unlocking LLM Safety Restrictions Through Formal Logical Expression18 May 2025
- 2025Towards Personalized Conversational Sales Agents: Contextual User Profiling for Strategic Action28 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrieval7 Mar 2025
- 2025AgentCF++: Memory-enhanced LLM-based Agents for Popularity-aware Cross-domain Recommendations19 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey on LLM-powered Agents for Recommender Systems14 Feb 2025
- 2025TAPO: Task-Referenced Adaptation for Prompt Optimization12 Jan 2025
- 2025A Survey on LLM-powered Agents for Recommender Systemscited by 50
- 2025A Survey of Large Language Model Empowered Agents for Recommendation and Search: Towards Next-Generation Information Retrievalcited by 33
- 2025AgentCF++: Memory-enhanced LLM-based Agents for Popularity-aware Cross-domain Recommendationscited by 24
- 2025RecoWorld: Building Simulated Environments for Agentic Recommender Systemscited by 19
- 2025Position: The Real Barrier to LLM Agent Usability is Agentic ROIcited by 12
- 2026Clarify Before You Draw: Proactive Agents for Robust Text-to-CAD Generationcited by 7
- 2025Towards Personalized Conversational Sales Agents: Contextual User Profiling for Strategic Actioncited by 6
- 2025Talk Less, Call Right: Enhancing Role-Play LLM Agents with Automatic Prompt Optimization and Role Promptingcited by 4
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testingcited by 4
- 2026Autonomous Information Seeking: A Roadmap for Agentic Recommender Systemscited by 4
- 2025TalkPlayData 2: An Agentic Synthetic Data Pipeline for Multimodal Conversational Music Recommendationcited by 3
- 2026PersonaAct: Simulating Short-Video Users with Personalized Agents for Counterfactual Filter Bubble Auditingcited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026PsyBer-Agent: A Psychology-Driven User Agent for Recommender Systems26 Sep 2026
- 2026Agents as Knowledge Integrator and Utilizer in Multimodal Recommendation29 Aug 2026
- 2026SR-Agent: An Experience-Driven Agentic Framework for Post-Ranking Strategy Refinement in E-Commerce Recommendation20 Jul 2026
- 2026Autonomous Information Seeking: A Roadmap for Agentic Recommender Systems5 Jul 2026
- 2026AgentGR: Semantic-aware Agentic Group Decision-Making Simulator for Group Recommendation11 May 2026
- 2026Clarify Before You Draw: Proactive Agents for Robust Text-to-CAD Generation3 Feb 2026
- 2026PersonaAct: Simulating Short-Video Users with Personalized Agents for Counterfactual Filter Bubble Auditing30 Jan 2026
- 2026Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testing8 Jan 2026
- 2025RecoWorld: Building Simulated Environments for Agentic Recommender Systems12 Sep 2025
- 2025Talk Less, Call Right: Enhancing Role-Play LLM Agents with Automatic Prompt Optimization and Role Prompting30 Aug 2025
- 2025TalkPlayData 2: An Agentic Synthetic Data Pipeline for Multimodal Conversational Music Recommendation18 Aug 2025
- 2025Position: The Real Barrier to LLM Agent Usability is Agentic ROI23 May 2025
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025Logic Jailbreak: Efficiently Unlocking LLM Safety Restrictions Through Formal Logical Expressioncited by 16
- 2025Mirroring Users: Towards Building Preference-aligned User Simulator with User Feedback in Recommendationcited by 4
- 2025GFlowGR: Fine-tuning Generative Recommendation Frameworks with Generative Flow Networkscited by 3
- 2025Mirroring Users: Towards Building Preference-aligned User Simulator with User Feedback in Recommendation25 Aug 2025
- 2025GFlowGR: Fine-tuning Generative Recommendation Frameworks with Generative Flow Networks19 Jun 2025
- 2025Logic Jailbreak: Efficiently Unlocking LLM Safety Restrictions Through Formal Logical Expression18 May 2025
- 2025ThinkRec: Thinking-based recommendation via LLMcited by 11
- 2025ThinkRec: Thinking-based recommendation via LLM21 May 2025
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulationcited by 18
- 2026ConvApparel: A Benchmark Dataset and Validation Framework for User Simulators in Conversational Recommenderscited by 12
- 2026Quantifying the Utility of User Simulators for Building Collaborative LLM Assistantscited by 10
- 2025CrowdLLM: Building LLM-Based Digital Populations Augmented with Generative Modelscited by 5
- 2025TAPO: Task-Referenced Adaptation for Prompt Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025LLM-Based User Simulation for Low-Knowledge Shilling Attacks on Recommender Systemscited by 3
- 2025G-UBS: Towards Robust Understanding of Implicit Feedback via Group-Aware User Behavior Simulationcited by 2
- 2025Quantifying the Potential to Escape Filter Bubbles: A Behavior-Aware Measure via Contrastive Simulationcited by 2
- 2025LLMs Meet Cross-Modal Time Series Analytics: Overview and Directionscited by 1
- 2026Judging with Personality and Confidence: A Study on Personality-Conditioned LLM Relevance Assessmentcited by 1
- 2026ShiJianBench: From Dialogue to Decision for Long-Horizon Evaluation of Investment Advisorscited by 1
- 2026CoNRec: Context-Discerning Negative Recommendation with LLMscited by 0
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026ShiJianBench: From Dialogue to Decision for Long-Horizon Evaluation of Investment Advisors2 Aug 2026
- 2026TailorMind: Towards Preference-Aligned Multimodal Content Generation22 Jun 2026
- 2026Quantifying the Utility of User Simulators for Building Collaborative LLM Assistants10 May 2026
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulation27 Apr 2026
- 2026Meituan Merchant Business Diagnosis via Policy-Guided Dual-Process User Simulation16 Apr 2026
- 2026Through Their Eyes: Fixation-aligned Tuning for Personalized User Emulation10 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative Pseudo-Labeling for Pre-Ranking with LLMs24 Feb 2026
- 2026ConvApparel: A Benchmark Dataset and Validation Framework for User Simulators in Conversational Recommenders18 Feb 2026
- 2026LLM-driven Multimodal Recommendation5 Feb 2026
- 2026CoNRec: Context-Discerning Negative Recommendation with LLMs22 Jan 2026
- 2026Judging with Personality and Confidence: A Study on Personality-Conditioned LLM Relevance Assessment5 Jan 2026
- 2025CrowdLLM: Building LLM-Based Digital Populations Augmented with Generative Models2 Dec 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)
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