mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

MMLU-CF: A Contamination-free Multi-task Language Understanding Benchmark

arXiv 2412.15194 ↗First posted 19 Dec 2024cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

Multiple-choice question (MCQ) datasets like Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) are widely used to evaluate the commonsense, understanding, and problem-solving abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the open-source nature of these benchmarks and the broad sources of training data for LLMs have inevitably led to benchmark contamination, resulting in unreliable evaluation results. To alleviate this issue, we propose a contamination-free and more challenging MCQ benchmark called MMLU-CF. This benchmark reassesses LLMs' understanding of world knowledge by averting both unintentional and malicious data leakage. To avoid unintentional data leakage, we source data from a broader domain and design three decontamination rules. To prevent malicious data leakage, we divide the benchmark into validation and test sets with similar difficulty and subject distributions. The test set remains closed-source to ensure reliable results, while the validation set is publicly available to promote transparency and facilitate independent verification. Our evaluation of mainstream LLMs reveals that the powerful GPT-4o achieves merely a 5-shot score of 73.4% and a 0-shot score of 71.9% on the test set, which indicates the effectiveness of our approach in creating a more rigorous and contamination-free evaluation standard. The GitHub repository is available at https://github.com/microsoft/MMLU-CF and the dataset refers to https://huggingface.co/datasets/microsoft/MMLU-CF.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Dec 2024.

Builds on

30 of 43 references.

References · 30

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
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  11. 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 2,004
  12. 2024Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Sizecited by 1,998
18 more
  1. 2024Phi-3 Technical Report: A Highly Capable Language Model Locally on Your Phonecited by 1,917
  2. 2024MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,848
  3. 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,443
  4. 2024Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preferencecited by 1,184
  5. 2024DeepSeek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets Programming -- The Rise of Code Intelligencecited by 1,181
  6. 2024DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Modelcited by 1,135
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  8. 2023Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Modelscited by 670
  9. 2023Rethinking Benchmark and Contamination for Language Models with Rephrased Samplescited by 195
  10. 2024Are We Done with MMLU?cited by 194
  11. 2024A Careful Examination of Large Language Model Performance on Grade School Arithmeticcited by 191
  12. 2024xLAM: A Family of Large Action Models to Empower AI Agent Systemscited by 111
  13. 2023LatestEval: Addressing Data Contamination in Language Model Evaluation through Dynamic and Time-Sensitive Test Constructioncited by 58
  14. 2024Changing Answer Order Can Decrease MMLU Accuracycited by 42
  15. 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Contentcited by 33
  16. 2024Investigating the Impact of Data Contamination of Large Language Models in Text-to-SQL Translationcited by 21
  17. 2024Inference-Time Decontamination: Reusing Leaked Benchmarks for Large Language Model Evaluationcited by 19
  18. 2024MMLU-Pro+: Evaluating Higher-Order Reasoning and Shortcut Learning in LLMscited by 16

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Citing papers per year: 2025: 15; 2026: 26.

41 papers.

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  1. 2025Understand, Solve and Translate: Bridging the Multilingual Mathematical Reasoning Gapcited by 43
  2. 2025Recent Advances in Large Langauge Model Benchmarks against Data Contamination: From Static to Dynamic Evaluationcited by 38
  3. 2025A Survey on Data Contamination for Large Language Modelscited by 35
  4. 2025ICL-Router: In-Context Learned Model Representations for LLM Routingcited by 28
  5. 2025Understanding the Skill Gap in Recurrent Language Models: The Role of the Gather-and-Aggregate Mechanismcited by 15
  6. 2025AgentBreeder: Mitigating the AI Safety Risks of Multi-Agent Scaffolds via Self-Improvementcited by 14
  7. 2026Proof of Time: A Benchmark for Evaluating Scientific Idea Judgmentscited by 7
  8. 2026WildSci: Advancing Scientific Reasoning from In-the-Wild Literaturecited by 6
  9. 2026Do Agent Benchmarks Measure Capability? Protocol Validity in the Age of Agentic AIcited by 6
  10. 2026ORCH: many analyses, one merge-a deterministic multi-agent orchestrator for discrete-choice reasoning with EMA-guided routingcited by 5
  11. 2026Scaling Large Reasoning Models beyond Human Supervision: A Path toward Superintelligencecited by 5
  12. 2025The Artificial Intelligence Cognitive Examination: A Survey on the Evolution of Multimodal Evaluation from Recognition to Reasoningcited by 4
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  3. 2026TDA-RC: Task-Driven Alignment for Knowledge-Based Reasoning Chains in Large Language Modelscited by 3
  4. 2026Interactive Evaluation Requires a Design Sciencecited by 3
  5. 2026When AI Persuades: Adversarial Explanation Attacks on Human Trust in AI-Assisted Decision Makingcited by 2
  6. 2025Investigating Advanced Reasoning of Large Language Models via Black-Box Environment Interactioncited by 1
  7. 2025Provable Training Data Identification for Large Language Modelscited by 1
  8. 2025DynaSolidGeo: A Dynamic Benchmark for Genuine Spatial Mathematical Reasoning of VLMs in Solid Geometrycited by 1
  9. 2025Multi-chain Graph Refinement and Selection for Reliable Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 1
  10. 2026DRBENCHER: Can Your Agent Identify the Entity, Retrieve Its Properties and Do the Math?cited by 1
  11. 2026Weak-Link Optimization for Multi-Agent Reasoning and Collaborationcited by 1
  12. 2026From 0-Order Selection to 2-Order Judgment: Combinatorial Hardening Exposes Compositional Failures in Frontier LLMscited by 1
  13. 2026Length Penalties Make Chain-of-Thought Less Monitorablecited by 1
  14. 2026Targeted Counterfactual Fingerprinting for Black-Box LLM Ownership Verificationcited by 1
  15. 2025Won: Establishing Best Practices for Korean Financial NLPcited by 0
  16. 2025Debiasing LLMs by Masking Unfairness-Driving Attention Headscited by 0
  17. 2026TBDFiltering: Sample-Efficient Tree-Based Data Filteringcited by 0
  18. 2026Optimizing Soft Prompt Tuning via Structural Evolutioncited by 0
  19. 2026TRUE: A Trustworthy Unified Explanation Framework for Large Language Model Reasoningcited by 0
  20. 2026Are Large Language Models Truly Smarter Than Humans?cited by 0
  21. 2026Provable Joint Decontamination for Benchmarking Multiple Large Language Modelscited by 0
  22. 2026At the Edge of Understanding: Sparse Autoencoders Trace The Limits of Transformer Generalizationcited by 0
  23. 2026Response drift across frontier large language modelscited by 0
  24. 2026EuroExec: Frontier Language Models Fall Short of Expert Judgment on European Executive Decision Taskscited by 0
  25. 2026Frontier AI Forecasting Has a Measurement Problem: An Audit of Progress Evidencecited by 0
  26. 2026Benchmark Contamination: A Taxonomy Organized by Defeated Mitigationcited by 0
  27. 2026CleanScore: Black-Box Benchmark Audits with Negative Controls and Sensitivity Boundscited by 0
  28. 2026From Dead Code and Static Requirements to Working Engines: Software Revival with Coding Agentscited by 0
  29. 2026Beyond Answer Confidence: A Controlled Audit of Self-Knowledge in a Black-Box Decision Modelcited by 0