MMLU-CF: A Contamination-free Multi-task Language Understanding Benchmark
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multiple-choice question (MCQ) datasets like Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) are widely used to evaluate the commonsense, understanding, and problem-solving abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the open-source nature of these benchmarks and the broad sources of training data for LLMs have inevitably led to benchmark contamination, resulting in unreliable evaluation results. To alleviate this issue, we propose a contamination-free and more challenging MCQ benchmark called MMLU-CF. This benchmark reassesses LLMs' understanding of world knowledge by averting both unintentional and malicious data leakage. To avoid unintentional data leakage, we source data from a broader domain and design three decontamination rules. To prevent malicious data leakage, we divide the benchmark into validation and test sets with similar difficulty and subject distributions. The test set remains closed-source to ensure reliable results, while the validation set is publicly available to promote transparency and facilitate independent verification. Our evaluation of mainstream LLMs reveals that the powerful GPT-4o achieves merely a 5-shot score of 73.4% and a 0-shot score of 71.9% on the test set, which indicates the effectiveness of our approach in creating a more rigorous and contamination-free evaluation standard. The GitHub repository is available at https://github.com/microsoft/MMLU-CF and the dataset refers to https://huggingface.co/datasets/microsoft/MMLU-CF.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Dec 2024.
Builds on
30 of 43 references.
References · 30
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- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,443
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- 2024A Careful Examination of Large Language Model Performance on Grade School Arithmeticcited by 191
- 2024xLAM: A Family of Large Action Models to Empower AI Agent Systemscited by 111
- 2023LatestEval: Addressing Data Contamination in Language Model Evaluation through Dynamic and Time-Sensitive Test Constructioncited by 58
- 2024Changing Answer Order Can Decrease MMLU Accuracycited by 42
- 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Contentcited by 33
- 2024Investigating the Impact of Data Contamination of Large Language Models in Text-to-SQL Translationcited by 21
- 2024Inference-Time Decontamination: Reusing Leaked Benchmarks for Large Language Model Evaluationcited by 19
- 2024MMLU-Pro+: Evaluating Higher-Order Reasoning and Shortcut Learning in LLMscited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 15; 2026: 26.
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