mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

OpenMU: Your Swiss Army Knife for Music Understanding

arXiv 2410.15573 ↗First posted 21 Oct 2024cs.SD cs.AI cs.CLcited by 9

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

We present OpenMU-Bench, a large-scale benchmark suite for addressing the data scarcity issue in training multimodal language models to understand music. To construct OpenMU-Bench, we leveraged existing datasets and bootstrapped new annotations. OpenMU-Bench also broadens the scope of music understanding by including lyrics understanding and music tool usage. Using OpenMU-Bench, we trained our music understanding model, OpenMU, with extensive ablations, demonstrating that OpenMU outperforms baseline models such as MU-Llama. Both OpenMU and OpenMU-Bench are open-sourced to facilitate future research in music understanding and to enhance creative music production efficiency.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Oct 2024.

Builds on

52 of 70 references.

References · 52

  1. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  3. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  4. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  5. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
  6. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
  7. 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,403
  8. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
  9. 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,418
  10. 2022LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text modelscited by 4,152
  11. 2022FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awarenesscited by 3,673
  12. 2023MMBench: Is Your Multi-modal Model an All-around Player?cited by 2,141
38 more
  1. 2023MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGIcited by 2,080
  2. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,998
  3. 2020Shortcut Learning in Deep Neural Networkscited by 1,969
  4. 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,652
  5. 2023Video-LLaMA: An Instruction-tuned Audio-Visual Language Model for Video Understandingcited by 1,471
  6. 2019ZeRO: Memory Optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Modelscited by 1,301
  7. 2023mPLUG-Owl: Modularization Empowers Large Language Models with Multimodalitycited by 1,040
  8. 2023A Survey on Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 909
  9. 2021Multimodal Few-Shot Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 661
  10. 2020Jukebox: A Generative Model for Musiccited by 542
  11. 2023MusicLM: Generating Music From Textcited by 448
  12. 2023Tool Learning with Foundation Modelscited by 302
  13. 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
  14. 2022Masked Autoencoders that Listencited by 273
  15. 2024MM1: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Multimodal LLM Pre-trainingcited by 232
  16. 2021Efficient Training of Audio Transformers with Patchoutcited by 226
  17. 2023Listen, Think, and Understandcited by 209
  18. 2023MERT: Acoustic Music Understanding Model with Large-Scale Self-supervised Trainingcited by 181
  19. 2023LP-MusicCaps: LLM-Based Pseudo Music Captioningcited by 83
  20. 2023Music Understanding LLaMA: Advancing Text-to-Music Generation with Question Answering and Captioningcited by 77
  21. 2021MT3: Multi-Task Multitrack Music Transcriptioncited by 71
  22. 2016madmom: a new Python Audio and Music Signal Processing Librarycited by 64
  23. 2021Codified audio language modeling learns useful representations for music information retrievalcited by 64
  24. 2016Learning Features of Music from Scratchcited by 58
  25. 2022Masked Spectrogram Modeling using Masked Autoencoders for Learning General-purpose Audio Representationcited by 52
  26. 2023A Foundation Model for Music Informaticscited by 46
  27. 2023MusiLingo: Bridging Music and Text with Pre-trained Language Models for Music Captioning and Query Responsecited by 45
  28. 2024MuChoMusic: Evaluating Music Understanding in Multimodal Audio-Language Modelscited by 44
  29. 2020Evaluation of CNN-based Automatic Music Tagging Modelscited by 41
  30. 2023MARBLE: Music Audio Representation Benchmark for Universal Evaluationcited by 38
  31. 2022Modular and Parameter-Efficient Multimodal Fusion with Promptingcited by 35
  32. 2023LLark: A Multimodal Instruction-Following Language Model for Musiccited by 29
  33. 2023M2UGen: Multi-modal Music Understanding and Generation with the Power of Large Language Modelscited by 24
  34. 2023Automatic Piano Transcription with Hierarchical Frequency-Time Transformercited by 22
  35. 2015Deep Learning and Music Adversariescited by 20
  36. 2019An Attention Mechanism for Musical Instrument Recognitioncited by 14
  37. 2023An Attention-based Approach to Hierarchical Multi-label Music Instrument Classificationcited by 7
  38. 2019Emotion and Theme Recognition in Music with Frequency-Aware RF-Regularized CNNscited by 5

50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 4.

9 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Music Flamingo: Scaling Music Understanding in Audio Language Models
  2. 2026MuSP-Bench: Advanced Multimodal Benchmarking of Music Understanding across Score and Performance ↗
  3. 2024MuChin: A Chinese Colloquial Description Benchmark for Evaluating Language Models in the Field of Music
  4. 2026MIDI-LLaMA: An Instruction-Following Multimodal LLM for Symbolic Music Understanding
  5. 2026BASS: Benchmarking Audio LMs for Musical Structure and Semantic Reasoning
  6. 2025Musical Score Understanding Benchmark: Evaluating Large Language Models' Comprehension of Complete Musical Scores
  7. 2025MusiXQA: Advancing Visual Music Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models
  8. 2025WildScore: Benchmarking MLLMs in-the-Wild Symbolic Music Reasoning