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Evaluation of CNN-based Automatic Music Tagging Models

arXiv 2006.00751 ↗First posted 1 Jun 2020eess.AS cs.SDcited by 39

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Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in deep learning accelerated the development of content-based automatic music tagging systems. Music information retrieval (MIR) researchers proposed various architecture designs, mainly based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), that achieve state-of-the-art results in this multi-label binary classification task. However, due to the differences in experimental setups followed by researchers, such as using different dataset splits and software versions for evaluation, it is difficult to compare the proposed architectures directly with each other. To facilitate further research, in this paper we conduct a consistent evaluation of different music tagging models on three datasets (MagnaTagATune, Million Song Dataset, and MTG-Jamendo) and provide reference results using common evaluation metrics (ROC-AUC and PR-AUC). Furthermore, all the models are evaluated with perturbed inputs to investigate the generalization capabilities concerning time stretch, pitch shift, dynamic range compression, and addition of white noise. For reproducibility, we provide the PyTorch implementations with the pre-trained models.

Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Jun 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 7; 2023: 10; 2024: 6; 2025: 5.

39 papers.

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  1. 2022MuLan: A Joint Embedding of Music Audio and Natural Languagecited by 85
  2. 2025MuQ: Self-Supervised Music Representation Learning with Mel Residual Vector Quantizationcited by 66
  3. 2021Codified audio language modeling learns useful representations for music information retrievalcited by 61
  4. 2023MusiLingo: Bridging Music and Text with Pre-trained Language Models for Music Captioning and Query Responsecited by 45
  5. 2022Supervised and Unsupervised Learning of Audio Representations for Music Understandingcited by 34
  6. 2021MusCaps: Generating Captions for Music Audiocited by 23
  7. 2023MuseChat: A Conversational Music Recommendation System for Videoscited by 21
  8. 2023Language-Guided Music Recommendation for Video via Prompt Analogiescited by 18
  9. 2022Low-Resource Music Genre Classification with Cross-Modal Neural Model Reprogrammingcited by 17
  10. 2021SpecTNT: a Time-Frequency Transformer for Music Audiocited by 15
  11. 2021Learning music audio representations via weak language supervisioncited by 13
  12. 2021Tr"aumerAI: Dreaming Music with StyleGANcited by 11
27 more
  1. 2022The Chamber Ensemble Generator: Limitless High-Quality MIR Data via Generative Modelingcited by 10
  2. 2024OpenMU: Your Swiss Army Knife for Music Understandingcited by 9
  3. 2022YM2413-MDB: A Multi-Instrumental FM Video Game Music Dataset with Emotion Annotationscited by 7
  4. 2023Perceptual Musical Features for Interpretable Audio Taggingcited by 7
  5. 2022Jointist: Joint Learning for Multi-instrument Transcription and Its Applicationscited by 6
  6. 2024LC-Protonets: Multi-Label Few-Shot Learning for World Music Audio Taggingcited by 6
  7. 2021Improving Sound Event Classification by Increasing Shift Invariance in Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 5
  8. 2023From West to East: Who can understand the music of the others better?cited by 5
  9. 2023Joint Music and Language Attention Models for Zero-shot Music Taggingcited by 5
  10. 2024I can listen but cannot read: An evaluation of two-tower multimodal systems for instrument recognitioncited by 4
  11. 2021Deep Learning Based EDM Subgenre Classification using Mel-Spectrogram and Tempogram Featurescited by 3
  12. 2022Music-to-Text Synaesthesia: Generating Descriptive Text from Music Recordingscited by 3
  13. 2023Jointist: Simultaneous Improvement of Multi-instrument Transcription and Music Source Separation via Joint Trainingcited by 3
  14. 2025Myna: Masking-Based Contrastive Learning of Musical Representationscited by 3
  15. 2025Universal Music Representations? Evaluating Foundation Models on World Music Corporacited by 3
  16. 2021Listen, Read, and Identify: Multimodal Singing Language Identification of Musiccited by 2
  17. 2024Embedding Compression for Teacher-to-Student Knowledge Transfercited by 2
  18. 2021Unsupervised Source Separation By Steering Pretrained Music Modelscited by 1
  19. 2023Towards Contrastive Learning in Music Video Domaincited by 1
  20. 2023MDSC: Towards Evaluating the Style Consistency Between Music and Dancecited by 1
  21. 2024Towards Training Music Taggers on Synthetic Datacited by 1
  22. 2024Music auto-tagging in the long tail: A few-shot approachcited by 1
  23. 2021MuSLCAT: Multi-Scale Multi-Level Convolutional Attention Transformer for Discriminative Music Modeling on Raw Waveformscited by 0
  24. 2021A Modulation Front-End for Music Audio Taggingcited by 0
  25. 2023Self-supervised Auxiliary Loss for Metric Learning in Music Similarity-based Retrieval and Auto-taggingcited by 0
  26. 2025Sparse Hybrid Linear-Morphological Networkscited by 0
  27. 2025Learning Music Audio Representations With Limited Datacited by 0