mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Latent Space Chain-of-Embedding Enables Output-free LLM Self-Evaluation

arXiv 2410.13640 ↗First posted 17 Oct 2024cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 56

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Cited by 29 in LLM reasoning, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

LLM self-evaluation relies on the LLM's own ability to estimate response correctness, which can greatly improve its deployment reliability. In this research track, we propose the Chain-of-Embedding (CoE) in the latent space to enable LLMs to perform output-free self-evaluation. CoE consists of all progressive hidden states produced during the inference time, which can be treated as the latent thinking path of LLMs. We find that when LLMs respond correctly and incorrectly, their CoE features differ, these discrepancies assist us in estimating LLM response correctness. Experiments in four diverse domains and seven LLMs fully demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Meanwhile, its label-free design intent without any training and millisecond-level computational cost ensures real-time feedback in large-scale scenarios. More importantly, we provide interesting insights into LLM response correctness from the perspective of hidden state changes inside LLMs.

Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 66 of its 97 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Oct 2024.

Builds on

66 of 97 references.

References · 66

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38 more
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  3. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
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50 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 24; 2026: 30.

56 papers.

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  1. 2024A Survey on Uncertainty Quantification of Large Language Models: Taxonomy, Open Research Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 115
  2. 2025Does Math Reasoning Improve General LLM Capabilities? Understanding Transferability of LLM Reasoningcited by 101
  3. 2025A Survey on Latent Reasoningcited by 71
  4. 2024Are Your LLMs Capable of Stable Reasoning?cited by 65
  5. 2025Sampling-Efficient Test-Time Scaling: Self-Estimating the Best-of-N Sampling in Early Decodingcited by 62
  6. 2025PolyMath: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning in Multilingual Contextscited by 52
  7. 2025Consistent Paths Lead to Truth: Self-Rewarding Reinforcement Learning for LLM Reasoningcited by 43
  8. 2025Implicit Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 42
  9. 2025The Geometry of Reasoning: Flowing Logics in Representation Spacecited by 21
  10. 2025Latent Thinking Optimization: Your Latent Reasoning Language Model Secretly Encodes Reward Signals in Its Latent Thoughtscited by 18
  11. 2025Enhancing Hallucination Detection through Noise Injectioncited by 13
  12. 2025Consensus Entropy: Harnessing Multi-VLM Agreement for Self-Verifying and Self-Improving OCRcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2025Can LLMs Predict Their Own Failures? Self-Awareness via Internal Circuitscited by 12
  2. 2025Large Language Models Have Intrinsic Meta-Cognition, but Need a Good Lenscited by 10
  3. 2026Do Latent-CoT Models Think Step-by-Step? A Mechanistic Study on Sequential Reasoning Taskscited by 10
  4. 2025Tracing the Traces: Latent Temporal Signals for Efficient and Accurate Reasoningcited by 8
  5. 2025TraPO: A Semi-Supervised Reinforcement Learning Framework for Boosting LLM Reasoningcited by 6
  6. 2025Calibrating LLM Judges: Linear Probes for Fast and Reliable Uncertainty Estimationcited by 6
  7. 2026Silence the Judge: Reinforcement Learning with Self-Verifier via Latent Geometric Clusteringcited by 6
  8. 2025Efficient Latent Semantic Clustering for Scaling Test-Time Computation of LLMscited by 5
  9. 2025ConsistencyChecker: Tree-based Evaluation of LLM Generalization Capabilitiescited by 5
  10. 2025CoRE: Enhancing Metacognition with Label-free Self-evaluation in LRMscited by 5
  11. 2025D2HScore: Reasoning-Aware Hallucination Detection via Semantic Breadth and Depth Analysis in LLMscited by 5
  12. 2026VAUQ: Vision-Aware Uncertainty Quantification for LVLM Self-Evaluationcited by 5
  13. 2026PAIR: Prefix-Aware Internal Reward Model for Multi-Turn Agent Optimizationcited by 5
  14. 2026Identifying and Transferring Reasoning-Critical Neurons: Improving LLM Inference Reliability via Activation Steeringcited by 4
  15. 2026Beyond Scalars: Evaluating and Understanding LLM Reasoning via Geometric Progress and Stabilitycited by 4
  16. 2026Global Evolutionary Steering: Refining Activation Steering Control via Cross-Layer Consistencycited by 4
  17. 2026CodeCircuit: Toward Inferring LLM-Generated Code Correctness via Attribution Graphscited by 3
  18. 2026SELFDOUBT: Uncertainty Quantification for Reasoning LLMs via the Hedge-to-Verify Ratiocited by 3
  19. 2025Compression Hacking: A Supplementary Perspective on Informatics Properties of Language Models from Geometric Distortioncited by 2
  20. 2026Same Answer, Different Representations: Hidden instability in VLMscited by 2
  21. 2026Behavior-Aware Item Modeling via Dynamic Procedural Solution Representations for Knowledge Tracingcited by 2
  22. 2026From Signals to Transfer: A Factorised Study of Probe-Based Uncertainty Estimation in Large Language Modelscited by 2
  23. 2025Latent Flow Transformercited by 1
  24. 2025Amplify Adjacent Token Differences: Enhancing Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning with Shift-FFNcited by 1
  25. 2025Embeddings to Diagnosis: Latent Fragility under Agentic Perturbations in Clinical LLMscited by 1
  26. 2026On the Overscaling Curse of Parallel Thinking: System Efficacy Contradicts Sample Efficiencycited by 1
  27. 2026GRADE: Probing Knowledge Gaps in LLMs through Gradient Subspace Dynamicscited by 1
  28. 2026Learning Uncertainty from Sequential Internal Dispersion in Large Language Modelscited by 1
  29. 2026Semantic Step Prediction: Multi-Step Latent Forecasting in LLM Reasoning Trajectories via Step Samplingcited by 1
  30. 2026CONCAT: Consensus- and Confidence-Driven Ad Hoc Teaming for Efficient LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 1
  31. 2026Conformal Certification of Reasoning Trace Prefixescited by 1
  32. 2026Smart Picks in the Dark: Towards Efficient RLVR for Reasoning via Tracing Metacognitive Pivotscited by 1
  33. 2026OpenHalDet: A Unified Benchmark for Hallucination Detection across Diverse Generation Scenarioscited by 1
  34. 2026DyCo-RL: Dynamic Cross-Modal Coordination for Visual Reasoningcited by 1
  35. 2026Diagnosing Correctness Probes under Self-Judgement Confoundingcited by 1
  36. 2025CONFIDE: Hallucination Assessment for Reliable Biomolecular Structure Prediction and Designcited by 0
  37. 2026From Out-of-Distribution Detection to Hallucination Detection: A Geometric Viewcited by 0
  38. 2026Towards Reliable Truth-Aligned Uncertainty Estimation in Large Language Modelscited by 0

50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)