A User-Centric Multi-Intent Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large language models (LLMs) are essential tools that users employ across various scenarios, so evaluating their performance and guiding users in selecting the suitable service is important. Although many benchmarks exist, they mainly focus on specific predefined model abilities, such as world knowledge, reasoning, etc. Based on these ability scores, it is hard for users to determine which LLM best suits their particular needs. To address these issues, we propose to evaluate LLMs from a user-centric perspective and design this benchmark to measure their efficacy in satisfying user needs under distinct intents. Firstly, we collect 1,846 real-world use cases from a user study with 712 participants from 23 countries. This first-hand data helps us understand actual user intents and needs in LLM interactions, forming the User Reported Scenarios (URS) dataset, which is categorized with six types of user intents. Secondly, based on this authentic dataset, we benchmark 10 LLM services with GPT-4-as-Judge. Thirdly, we show that benchmark scores align well with human preference in both real-world experience and pair-wise annotations, achieving Pearson correlations of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. This alignment confirms that the URS dataset and our evaluation method establish an effective user-centric benchmark. The dataset, code, and process data are available at https://github.com/Alice1998/URS.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Apr 2024.
Builds on
28 of 43 references.
References · 28
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- 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,807
- 2024Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preferencecited by 1,184
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 11; 2026: 3.
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- 2025Measuring what Matters: Construct Validity in Large Language Model Benchmarkscited by 119
- 2025UserRL: Training Interactive User-Centric Agent via Reinforcement Learningcited by 32
- 2024Arena Learning: Build Data Flywheel for LLMs Post-training via Simulated Chatbot Arenacited by 26
- 2025LexRAG: Benchmarking Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Multi-Turn Legal Consultation Conversationcited by 19
- 2025WildIFEval: Instruction Following in the Wildcited by 11
- 2025The Inadequacy of Offline LLM Evaluations: A Need to Account for Personalization in Model Behaviorcited by 8
- 2025PICACO: Pluralistic In-Context Value Alignment of LLMs via Total Correlation Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025Generation Space Size: Understanding and Calibrating Open-Endedness of LLM Generationscited by 2
- 2025ConsintBench: Evaluating Language Models on Real-World Consumer Intent Understandingcited by 2
- 2025RigoChat 2: an adapted language model to Spanish using a bounded dataset and reduced hardwarecited by 1
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understandingcited by 1
- 2025SWI: Speaking with Intent in Large Language Modelscited by 0
3 more
- 2026Expectation Alignment of Language Models for Real-World User Expectations2 Jun 2026
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the Wild25 Jan 2026
- 2025Measuring what Matters: Construct Validity in Large Language Model Benchmarks3 Nov 2025
- 2025ConsintBench: Evaluating Language Models on Real-World Consumer Intent Understanding15 Oct 2025
- 2025Generation Space Size: Understanding and Calibrating Open-Endedness of LLM Generations14 Oct 2025
- 2025UserRL: Training Interactive User-Centric Agent via Reinforcement Learning24 Sep 2025
- 2025The Inadequacy of Offline LLM Evaluations: A Need to Account for Personalization in Model Behavior18 Sep 2025
- 2025PICACO: Pluralistic In-Context Value Alignment of LLMs via Total Correlation Optimization22 Jul 2025
- 2025CORONA: A Coarse-to-Fine Framework for Graph-based Recommendation with Large Language Models14 Jun 2025
- 2025SWI: Speaking with Intent in Large Language Models27 Mar 2025
- 2025RigoChat 2: an adapted language model to Spanish using a bounded dataset and reduced hardware11 Mar 2025
- 2025Measuring what Matters: Construct Validity in Large Language Model Benchmarkscited by 119
- 2024Arena Learning: Build Data Flywheel for LLMs Post-training via Simulated Chatbot Arenacited by 26
- 2025WildIFEval: Instruction Following in the Wildcited by 11
- 2025The Inadequacy of Offline LLM Evaluations: A Need to Account for Personalization in Model Behaviorcited by 8
- 2025Generation Space Size: Understanding and Calibrating Open-Endedness of LLM Generationscited by 2
- 2025RigoChat 2: an adapted language model to Spanish using a bounded dataset and reduced hardwarecited by 1
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understandingcited by 1
- 2025SWI: Speaking with Intent in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the Wildcited by 0
- 2026IntentGrasp: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Intent Understanding7 May 2026
- 2026Results-Actionability Gap: Understanding How Practitioners Evaluate LLM Products in the Wild25 Jan 2026
- 2025Measuring what Matters: Construct Validity in Large Language Model Benchmarks3 Nov 2025
- 2025Generation Space Size: Understanding and Calibrating Open-Endedness of LLM Generations14 Oct 2025
- 2025The Inadequacy of Offline LLM Evaluations: A Need to Account for Personalization in Model Behavior18 Sep 2025
- 2025SWI: Speaking with Intent in Large Language Models27 Mar 2025
- 2025RigoChat 2: an adapted language model to Spanish using a bounded dataset and reduced hardware11 Mar 2025
- 2025WildIFEval: Instruction Following in the Wild9 Mar 2025
- 2024Arena Learning: Build Data Flywheel for LLMs Post-training via Simulated Chatbot Arena15 Jul 2024