mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

METAL: Towards Multilingual Meta-Evaluation

arXiv 2404.01667 ↗First posted 2 Apr 2024cs.CLcited by 14

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Abstract (arXiv)

With the rising human-like precision of Large Language Models (LLMs) in numerous tasks, their utilization in a variety of real-world applications is becoming more prevalent. Several studies have shown that LLMs excel on many standard NLP benchmarks. However, it is challenging to evaluate LLMs due to test dataset contamination and the limitations of traditional metrics. Since human evaluations are difficult to collect, there is a growing interest in the community to use LLMs themselves as reference-free evaluators for subjective metrics. However, past work has shown that LLM-based evaluators can exhibit bias and have poor alignment with human judgments. In this study, we propose a framework for an end-to-end assessment of LLMs as evaluators in multilingual scenarios. We create a carefully curated dataset, covering 10 languages containing native speaker judgments for the task of summarization. This dataset is created specifically to evaluate LLM-based evaluators, which we refer to as meta-evaluation (METAL). We compare the performance of LLM-based evaluators created using GPT-3.5-Turbo, GPT-4, and PaLM2. Our results indicate that LLM-based evaluators based on GPT-4 perform the best across languages, while GPT-3.5-Turbo performs poorly. Additionally, we perform an analysis of the reasoning provided by LLM-based evaluators and find that it often does not match the reasoning provided by human judges.

Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2024.

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34 of 53 references.

References · 34

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  2. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  3. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
  4. 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,205
  5. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
  6. 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,308
  7. 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,182
  8. 2023Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluatorscited by 1,050
  9. 2023Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?cited by 729
  10. 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 558
  11. 2023Benchmarking Large Language Models for News Summarizationcited by 444
  12. 2019Multi-News: a Large-Scale Multi-Document Summarization Dataset and Abstractive Hierarchical Modelcited by 431
22 more
  1. 2023Is ChatGPT a Good NLG Evaluator? A Preliminary Studycited by 420
  2. 2021XL-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languagescited by 346
  3. 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
  4. 2021All That's 'Human' Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Textcited by 287
  5. 2020WikiLingua: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Abstractive Summarizationcited by 154
  6. 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
  7. 2020MLSUM: The Multilingual Summarization Corpuscited by 121
  8. 2023GPT-4V(ision) as a Generalist Evaluator for Vision-Language Taskscited by 118
  9. 2022Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Large Language Models Through News Summarizationcited by 90
  10. 2023Are Large Language Model-based Evaluators the Solution to Scaling Up Multilingual Evaluation?cited by 87
  11. 2023Exploring the Use of Large Language Models for Reference-Free Text Quality Evaluation: An Empirical Studycited by 85
  12. 2023Bactrian-X: Multilingual Replicable Instruction-Following Models with Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 79
  13. 2023Large Language Models are Not Yet Human-Level Evaluators for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 70
  14. 2020What Have We Achieved on Text Summarization?cited by 65
  15. 2021MReD: A Meta-Review Dataset for Structure-Controllable Text Generationcited by 42
  16. 2023SEAHORSE: A Multilingual, Multifaceted Dataset for Summarization Evaluationcited by 42
  17. 2018Improving Abstraction in Text Summarizationcited by 35
  18. 2022Deconstructing NLG Evaluation: Evaluation Practices, Assumptions, and Their Implicationscited by 32
  19. 2023Towards Better Evaluation of Instruction-Following: A Case-Study in Summarizationcited by 18
  20. 2023''Fifty Shades of Bias'': Normative Ratings of Gender Bias in GPT Generated English Textcited by 15
  21. 2022Beyond Static Models and Test Sets: Benchmarking the Potential of Pre-trained Models Across Tasks and Languagescited by 10
  22. 2022SentBS: Sentence-level Beam Search for Controllable Summarizationcited by 10

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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2024MM-Eval: A Multilingual Meta-Evaluation Benchmark for LLM-as-a-Judge and Reward Models
  2. 2026LLM as a Meta-Judge: Synthetic Data for NLP Evaluation Metric Validation
  3. 2025MMLU-ProX: A Multilingual Benchmark for Advanced Large Language Model Evaluation
  4. 2023Exploring the Reliability of Large Language Models as Customized Evaluators for Diverse NLP Tasks
  5. 2024Evaluating the Consistency of LLM Evaluators
  6. 2024Can Large Language Models be Trusted for Evaluation? Scalable Meta-Evaluation of LLMs as Evaluators via Agent Debate
  7. 2023A Closer Look into Automatic Evaluation Using Large Language Models
  8. 2024Aligning Model Evaluations with Human Preferences: Mitigating Token Count Bias in Language Model Assessments