METAL: Towards Multilingual Meta-Evaluation
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Abstract (arXiv)
With the rising human-like precision of Large Language Models (LLMs) in numerous tasks, their utilization in a variety of real-world applications is becoming more prevalent. Several studies have shown that LLMs excel on many standard NLP benchmarks. However, it is challenging to evaluate LLMs due to test dataset contamination and the limitations of traditional metrics. Since human evaluations are difficult to collect, there is a growing interest in the community to use LLMs themselves as reference-free evaluators for subjective metrics. However, past work has shown that LLM-based evaluators can exhibit bias and have poor alignment with human judgments. In this study, we propose a framework for an end-to-end assessment of LLMs as evaluators in multilingual scenarios. We create a carefully curated dataset, covering 10 languages containing native speaker judgments for the task of summarization. This dataset is created specifically to evaluate LLM-based evaluators, which we refer to as meta-evaluation (METAL). We compare the performance of LLM-based evaluators created using GPT-3.5-Turbo, GPT-4, and PaLM2. Our results indicate that LLM-based evaluators based on GPT-4 perform the best across languages, while GPT-3.5-Turbo performs poorly. Additionally, we perform an analysis of the reasoning provided by LLM-based evaluators and find that it often does not match the reasoning provided by human judges.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2024.
Builds on
34 of 53 references.
References · 34
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
- 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,205
- 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
- 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,308
- 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,182
- 2023Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluatorscited by 1,050
- 2023Can Large Language Models Be an Alternative to Human Evaluations?cited by 729
- 2023Prometheus: Inducing Fine-grained Evaluation Capability in Language Modelscited by 558
- 2023Benchmarking Large Language Models for News Summarizationcited by 444
- 2019Multi-News: a Large-Scale Multi-Document Summarization Dataset and Abstractive Hierarchical Modelcited by 431
22 more
- 2023Is ChatGPT a Good NLG Evaluator? A Preliminary Studycited by 420
- 2021XL-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languagescited by 346
- 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
- 2021All That's 'Human' Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Textcited by 287
- 2020WikiLingua: A New Benchmark Dataset for Cross-Lingual Abstractive Summarizationcited by 154
- 2023A Systematic Study and Comprehensive Evaluation of ChatGPT on Benchmark Datasetscited by 123
- 2020MLSUM: The Multilingual Summarization Corpuscited by 121
- 2023GPT-4V(ision) as a Generalist Evaluator for Vision-Language Taskscited by 118
- 2022Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Large Language Models Through News Summarizationcited by 90
- 2023Are Large Language Model-based Evaluators the Solution to Scaling Up Multilingual Evaluation?cited by 87
- 2023Exploring the Use of Large Language Models for Reference-Free Text Quality Evaluation: An Empirical Studycited by 85
- 2023Bactrian-X: Multilingual Replicable Instruction-Following Models with Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 79
- 2023Large Language Models are Not Yet Human-Level Evaluators for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 70
- 2020What Have We Achieved on Text Summarization?cited by 65
- 2021MReD: A Meta-Review Dataset for Structure-Controllable Text Generationcited by 42
- 2023SEAHORSE: A Multilingual, Multifaceted Dataset for Summarization Evaluationcited by 42
- 2018Improving Abstraction in Text Summarizationcited by 35
- 2022Deconstructing NLG Evaluation: Evaluation Practices, Assumptions, and Their Implicationscited by 32
- 2023Towards Better Evaluation of Instruction-Following: A Case-Study in Summarizationcited by 18
- 2023''Fifty Shades of Bias'': Normative Ratings of Gender Bias in GPT Generated English Textcited by 15
- 2022Beyond Static Models and Test Sets: Benchmarking the Potential of Pre-trained Models Across Tasks and Languagescited by 10
- 2022SentBS: Sentence-level Beam Search for Controllable Summarizationcited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 3; 2025: 5; 2026: 6.
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- 2024Evaluation of LLM Vulnerabilities to Being Misused for Personalized Disinformation Generationcited by 20
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Models: A Systematic Surveycited by 18
- 2024MultiSocial: Multilingual Benchmark of Machine-Generated Text Detection of Social-Media Textscited by 14
- 2025Meta-Thinking in LLMs via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 10
- 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?cited by 9
- 2025LLM-as-a-qualitative-judge: automating error analysis in natural language generationcited by 3
- 2026OmnilingualGAIA2: Evaluating the Multilingual Gap in Frontier AI Agentscited by 2
- 2025LaajMeter: A Framework for LaaJ Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026Seeing Isn't Believing: Uncovering Blind Spots in Evaluator Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
- 2026Stability vs. Manipulability: Evaluating Robustness Under Post-Decision Interaction in LLM Judgescited by 1
- 2026Jury Duty: Calibration and Orientation Failures in MLLM-as-a-Judge Under Cultural Ambiguitycited by 1
- 2025PerQ: Efficient Evaluation of Multilingual Text Personalization Qualitycited by 0
- 2026OmnilingualGAIA2: Evaluating the Multilingual Gap in Frontier AI Agents9 Aug 2026
- 2026Jury Duty: Calibration and Orientation Failures in MLLM-as-a-Judge Under Cultural Ambiguity12 Jun 2026
- 2026Stability vs. Manipulability: Evaluating Robustness Under Post-Decision Interaction in LLM Judges3 Jun 2026
- 2026Seeing Isn't Believing: Uncovering Blind Spots in Evaluator Vision-Language Models23 Apr 2026
- 2026SteerEval: Inference-time Interventions Strengthen Multilingual Generalization in Neural Summarization Metrics22 Jan 2026
- 2026Evaluation of Multilingual LLMs Personalized Text Generation Capabilities Targeting Groups and Social-Media Platforms7 Jan 2026
- 2025PerQ: Efficient Evaluation of Multilingual Text Personalization Quality30 Sep 2025
- 2025LaajMeter: A Framework for LaaJ Evaluation13 Aug 2025
- 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?6 Aug 2025
- 2025LLM-as-a-qualitative-judge: automating error analysis in natural language generation10 Jun 2025
- 2025Meta-Thinking in LLMs via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: A Survey20 Apr 2025
- 2024Evaluation of LLM Vulnerabilities to Being Misused for Personalized Disinformation Generation18 Dec 2024
- 2024Evaluation of LLM Vulnerabilities to Being Misused for Personalized Disinformation Generationcited by 20
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Models: A Systematic Surveycited by 18
- 2024MultiSocial: Multilingual Benchmark of Machine-Generated Text Detection of Social-Media Textscited by 14
- 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?cited by 9
- 2025LLM-as-a-qualitative-judge: automating error analysis in natural language generationcited by 3
- 2025LaajMeter: A Framework for LaaJ Evaluationcited by 1
- 2026Stability vs. Manipulability: Evaluating Robustness Under Post-Decision Interaction in LLM Judgescited by 1
- 2026Jury Duty: Calibration and Orientation Failures in MLLM-as-a-Judge Under Cultural Ambiguitycited by 1
- 2025PerQ: Efficient Evaluation of Multilingual Text Personalization Qualitycited by 0
- 2026Evaluation of Multilingual LLMs Personalized Text Generation Capabilities Targeting Groups and Social-Media Platformscited by 0
- 2026SteerEval: Inference-time Interventions Strengthen Multilingual Generalization in Neural Summarization Metricscited by 0
- 2026Jury Duty: Calibration and Orientation Failures in MLLM-as-a-Judge Under Cultural Ambiguity12 Jun 2026
- 2026Stability vs. Manipulability: Evaluating Robustness Under Post-Decision Interaction in LLM Judges3 Jun 2026
- 2026SteerEval: Inference-time Interventions Strengthen Multilingual Generalization in Neural Summarization Metrics22 Jan 2026
- 2026Evaluation of Multilingual LLMs Personalized Text Generation Capabilities Targeting Groups and Social-Media Platforms7 Jan 2026
- 2025PerQ: Efficient Evaluation of Multilingual Text Personalization Quality30 Sep 2025
- 2025LaajMeter: A Framework for LaaJ Evaluation13 Aug 2025
- 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?6 Aug 2025
- 2025LLM-as-a-qualitative-judge: automating error analysis in natural language generation10 Jun 2025
- 2024Evaluation of LLM Vulnerabilities to Being Misused for Personalized Disinformation Generation18 Dec 2024
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Models: A Systematic Survey17 Nov 2024
- 2024MultiSocial: Multilingual Benchmark of Machine-Generated Text Detection of Social-Media Texts18 Jun 2024
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