Label-Efficient Model Selection for Text Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Model selection for a given target task can be costly, as it may entail extensive annotation of the quality of outputs of different models. We introduce DiffUse, an efficient method to make an informed decision between candidate text generation models based on preference annotations. DiffUse reduces the required amount of annotations, thus saving valuable time and resources in performing evaluation. DiffUse intelligently selects instances by clustering embeddings that represent the semantic differences between model outputs. Thus, it is able to identify a subset of examples that are more informative for preference decisions. Our method is model-agnostic, and can be applied to any text generation model for selecting between models, prompts and configurations. Moreover, we propose a practical iterative approach for dynamically determining how many instances to annotate. In a series of experiments over hundreds of model pairs, we demonstrate that DiffUse can dramatically reduce the required number of annotations -- by up to 75% -- while maintaining high evaluation reliability.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Feb 2024.
Builds on
20 of 39 references.
References · 20
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,317
- 2016Abstractive Text Summarization Using Sequence-to-Sequence RNNs and Beyondcited by 812
- 2017The NarrativeQA Reading Comprehension Challengecited by 597
- 2018QuAC : Question Answering in Contextcited by 381
- 2023State of What Art? A Call for Multi-Prompt LLM Evaluationcited by 310
- 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
- 2023Anchor Points: Benchmarking Models with Much Fewer Examplescited by 86
- 2019ACUTE-EVAL: Improved Dialogue Evaluation with Optimized Questions and Multi-turn Comparisonscited by 83
- 2021Active Testing: Sample-Efficient Model Evaluationcited by 82
- 2021Comparing Test Sets with Item Response Theorycited by 57
8 more
- 2019Let's Agree to Agree: Neural Networks Share Classification Order on Real Datasetscited by 56
- 2019Corpus Wide Argument Mining -- a Working Solutioncited by 36
- 2023Benchmarking Large Language Model Capabilities for Conditional Generationcited by 29
- 2020Beyond User Self-Reported Likert Scale Ratings: A Comparison Model for Automatic Dialog Evaluationcited by 22
- 2020Active Bayesian Assessment for Black-Box Classifierscited by 17
- 2022Active Evaluation: Efficient NLG Evaluation with Few Pairwise Comparisonscited by 10
- 2022PreQuEL: Quality Estimation of Machine Translation Outputs in Advancecited by 9
- 2021ALT-MAS: A Data-Efficient Framework for Active Testing of Machine Learning Algorithmscited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 4; 2026: 10.
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- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMscited by 73
- 2024JuStRank: Benchmarking LLM Judges for System Rankingcited by 29
- 2025How to Select Datapoints for Efficient Human Evaluation of NLG Models?cited by 23
- 2024AcTracer: Active Testing of Large Language Model via Multi-Stage Samplingcited by 17
- 2025Scaling Up Active Testing to Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025How Reliable is Language Model Micro-Benchmarking?cited by 9
- 2024Learning on Model Weights using Tree Expertscited by 7
- 2024Compare without Despair: Reliable Preference Evaluation with Generation Separabilitycited by 4
- 2026Generative Active Testing: Efficient LLM Evaluation via Proxy Task Adaptationcited by 2
- 2026ProEval: Proactive Failure Discovery and Efficient Performance Estimation for Generative AI Evaluationcited by 2
- 2026Offline Preference-Based Trajectory Evaluationcited by 2
- 2026Stop Guessing When to Stop Testing: Efficient Model Evaluation with Just Enough Datacited by 2
7 more
- 2026Discovering Hidden Gems in Model Repositoriescited by 1
- 2026Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotationscited by 1
- 2026Prediction-Powered Active Testingcited by 1
- 2025Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotationscited by 0
- 2026Fault-Tolerant Evaluation for Sample-Efficient Model Performance Estimatorscited by 0
- 2026Which LLM to pick? Online Active Model Selection for Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Are We Testing Too Much? A Survey of Benchmark Compression for Efficient Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Are We Testing Too Much? A Survey of Benchmark Compression for Efficient Evaluation of Large Language Models13 Oct 2026
- 2026Which LLM to pick? Online Active Model Selection for Large Language Models1 Oct 2026
- 2026Stop Guessing When to Stop Testing: Efficient Model Evaluation with Just Enough Data9 Jul 2026
- 2026Prediction-Powered Active Testing9 Jul 2026
- 2026Offline Preference-Based Trajectory Evaluation16 Jun 2026
- 2026Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotations24 May 2026
- 2026ProEval: Proactive Failure Discovery and Efficient Performance Estimation for Generative AI Evaluation25 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative Active Testing: Efficient LLM Evaluation via Proxy Task Adaptation26 Feb 2026
- 2026Fault-Tolerant Evaluation for Sample-Efficient Model Performance Estimators6 Feb 2026
- 2026Discovering Hidden Gems in Model Repositories29 Jan 2026
- 2025Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotations10 Oct 2025
- 2025How Reliable is Language Model Micro-Benchmarking?9 Oct 2025
7 more
- 2025Scaling Up Active Testing to Large Language Models12 Aug 2025
- 2025How to Select Datapoints for Efficient Human Evaluation of NLG Models?30 Jan 2025
- 2024JuStRank: Benchmarking LLM Judges for System Ranking12 Dec 2024
- 2024Learning on Model Weights using Tree Experts17 Oct 2024
- 2024AcTracer: Active Testing of Large Language Model via Multi-Stage Sampling7 Aug 2024
- 2024Compare without Despair: Reliable Preference Evaluation with Generation Separability2 Jul 2024
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMs27 May 2024
- 2026Offline Preference-Based Trajectory Evaluationcited by 2
- 2026Offline Preference-Based Trajectory Evaluation16 Jun 2026
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMscited by 73
- 2024JuStRank: Benchmarking LLM Judges for System Rankingcited by 29
- 2025How to Select Datapoints for Efficient Human Evaluation of NLG Models?cited by 23
- 2024AcTracer: Active Testing of Large Language Model via Multi-Stage Samplingcited by 17
- 2025Scaling Up Active Testing to Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025How Reliable is Language Model Micro-Benchmarking?cited by 9
- 2024Learning on Model Weights using Tree Expertscited by 7
- 2024Compare without Despair: Reliable Preference Evaluation with Generation Separabilitycited by 4
- 2026Generative Active Testing: Efficient LLM Evaluation via Proxy Task Adaptationcited by 2
- 2026ProEval: Proactive Failure Discovery and Efficient Performance Estimation for Generative AI Evaluationcited by 2
- 2026Stop Guessing When to Stop Testing: Efficient Model Evaluation with Just Enough Datacited by 2
- 2026Discovering Hidden Gems in Model Repositoriescited by 1
12 most cited of 18 All 18 (JSON)
- 2026Are We Testing Too Much? A Survey of Benchmark Compression for Efficient Evaluation of Large Language Models13 Oct 2026
- 2026Which LLM to pick? Online Active Model Selection for Large Language Models1 Oct 2026
- 2026Stop Guessing When to Stop Testing: Efficient Model Evaluation with Just Enough Data9 Jul 2026
- 2026Prediction-Powered Active Testing9 Jul 2026
- 2026Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotations24 May 2026
- 2026ProEval: Proactive Failure Discovery and Efficient Performance Estimation for Generative AI Evaluation25 Apr 2026
- 2026Generative Active Testing: Efficient LLM Evaluation via Proxy Task Adaptation26 Feb 2026
- 2026Fault-Tolerant Evaluation for Sample-Efficient Model Performance Estimators6 Feb 2026
- 2026Discovering Hidden Gems in Model Repositories29 Jan 2026
- 2025Large Language Model Selection with Limited Annotations10 Oct 2025
- 2025How Reliable is Language Model Micro-Benchmarking?9 Oct 2025
- 2025Scaling Up Active Testing to Large Language Models12 Aug 2025
12 newest of 18 All 18 (JSON)