Raidar: geneRative AI Detection viA Rewriting
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Abstract (arXiv)
We find that large language models (LLMs) are more likely to modify human-written text than AI-generated text when tasked with rewriting. This tendency arises because LLMs often perceive AI-generated text as high-quality, leading to fewer modifications. We introduce a method to detect AI-generated content by prompting LLMs to rewrite text and calculating the editing distance of the output. We dubbed our geneRative AI Detection viA Rewriting method Raidar. Raidar significantly improves the F1 detection scores of existing AI content detection models -- both academic and commercial -- across various domains, including News, creative writing, student essays, code, Yelp reviews, and arXiv papers, with gains of up to 29 points. Operating solely on word symbols without high-dimensional features, our method is compatible with black box LLMs, and is inherently robust on new content. Our results illustrate the unique imprint of machine-generated text through the lens of the machines themselves.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2024.
Builds on
34 of 43 references.
References · 34
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
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- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
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- 2022OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Modelscited by 3,464
- 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 2,914
- 2022Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineerscited by 1,020
- 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
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- 2023A Watermark for Large Language Modelscited by 667
- 2019Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Modelscited by 505
- 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 490
- 2021Asleep at the Keyboard? Assessing the Security of GitHub Copilot's Code Contributionscited by 417
- 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defensecited by 401
- 2023Can AI-Generated Text be Reliably Detected?cited by 372
- 2023The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forgetcited by 343
- 2023Exploiting Programmatic Behavior of LLMs: Dual-Use Through Standard Security Attackscited by 268
- 2019Automatic Detection of Generated Text is Easiest when Humans are Fooledcited by 260
- 2023GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writerscited by 175
- 2020Automatic Detection of Machine Generated Text: A Critical Surveycited by 160
- 2023The Science of Detecting LLM-Generated Textscited by 126
- 2023On the Risk of Misinformation Pollution with Large Language Modelscited by 124
- 2020TweepFake: about Detecting Deepfake Tweetscited by 117
- 2019Real or Fake? Learning to Discriminate Machine from Human Generated Textcited by 98
- 2021Pretrained Language Models for Text Generation: A Surveycited by 95
- 2023Ghostbuster: Detecting Text Ghostwritten by Large Language Modelscited by 90
- 2021Is GPT-3 Text Indistinguishable from Human Text? Scarecrow: A Framework for Scrutinizing Machine Textcited by 89
- 2023On the Possibilities of AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 88
- 2023RecurrentGPT: Interactive Generation of (Arbitrarily) Long Textcited by 84
- 2021The Threat of Offensive AI to Organizationscited by 37
- 2023Smaller Language Models are Better Black-box Machine-Generated Text Detectorscited by 35
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 11; 2025: 15; 2026: 25.
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- 2024Stumbling Blocks: Stress Testing the Robustness of Machine-Generated Text Detectors Under Attackscited by 25
- 2024Learning to Rewrite: Generalized LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 13
- 2025Survey on AI-Generated Media Detection: From Non-MLLM to MLLMcited by 12
- 2024Does DetectGPT Fully Utilize Perturbation? Bridging Selective Perturbation to Fine-tuned Contrastive Learning Detector would be Bettercited by 11
- 2024Online Detection of LLM-Generated Texts via Sequential Hypothesis Testing by Bettingcited by 11
- 2025Your Language Model Can Secretly Write Like Humans: Contrastive Paraphrase Attacks on LLM-Generated Text Detectorscited by 10
- 2024RAFT: Realistic Attacks to Fool Text Detectorscited by 8
- 2025Human Texts Are Outliers: Detecting LLM-generated Texts via Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 8
- 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Text with Performance Guaranteescited by 8
- 2026Learn-to-Distance: Distance Learning for Detecting LLM-Generated Textcited by 8
- 2024ToBlend: Token-Level Blending With an Ensemble of LLMs to Attack AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 6
- 2025CodeMirage: A Multi-Lingual Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated and Paraphrased Source Code from Production-Level LLMscited by 6
38 more
- 2024Survey on Plagiarism Detection in Large Language Models: The Impact of ChatGPT and Gemini on Academic Integritycited by 5
- 2025Large Language Model Sourcing: A Surveycited by 5
- 2026Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detectioncited by 5
- 2024DART: An AIGT Detector using AMR of Rephrased Textcited by 4
- 2025How Sampling Affects the Detectability of Machine-written texts: A Comprehensive Studycited by 4
- 2024MOSAIC: Multiple Observers Spotting AI Contentcited by 3
- 2024SEFD: Semantic-Enhanced Framework for Detecting LLM-Generated Textcited by 3
- 2026Beyond the Final Actor: Modeling the Dual Roles of Creator and Editor for Fine-Grained LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 3
- 2026Zero-Shot Detection of LLM-Generated Text via Implicit Reward Modelcited by 3
- 2025IPAD: Inverse Prompt for AI Detection - A Robust and Interpretable LLM-Generated Text Detectorcited by 2
- 2025Evaluating LLM-Contaminated Crowdsourcing Data Without Ground Truthcited by 2
- 2025EMMM, Explain Me My Model! Explainable Machine Generated Text Detection in Dialoguescited by 2
- 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 2
- 2025SPADE: Structured Prompting Augmentation for Dialogue Enhancement in Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 1
- 2025SKDU at De-Factify 4.0: Natural Language Features for AI-Generated Text-Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Towards Structurally Explainable Machine-Generated Text Detection: A Graph-Perspective Frameworkcited by 1
- 2026SearchLLM: Detecting LLM Paraphrased Text by Measuring the Similarity with Regeneration of the Candidate Source via Search Enginecited by 1
- 2026DetectZoo: A Unified Toolkit for AI-Generated Content Detection Across Text, Audio, and Image Modalitiescited by 1
- 2026ARB: A Matched Authorship-Rewriting Benchmark Dataset for AI-Text Detector Evaluationcited by 1
- 2024Counter Turing Test (CT2): Investigating AI-Generated Text Detection for Hindi -- Ranking LLMs based on Hindi AI Detectability Index (ADIhi)cited by 0
- 2025Measuring Human Involvement in AI-Generated Text: A Case Study on Academic Writingcited by 0
- 2025Improving Detection of Watermarked Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025DuoLens: A Framework for Robust Detection of Machine-Generated Multilingual Text and Codecited by 0
- 2026Variation is the Key: A Variation-Based Framework for LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026DependencyAI: Detecting AI Generated Text through Dependency Parsingcited by 0
- 2026Steer-to-Detect: Probing Hidden Representations for Detection of LLM-Generated Textscited by 0
- 2026READER: Reasoning-Enhanced AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Measuring, Localizing, and Ablating Alignment Signatures in LLMscited by 0
- 2026A Distribution-Free Framework for Rewrite-Based Human-text Detection via Knockoff Filteringcited by 0
- 2026SenFlow: Inter-Sentence Flow Modeling for AI-Generated Text Detection in Hybrid Documentscited by 0
- 2026Triospect: A Three-Dimensional Framework for Robust Statistical AI-Generated Text Detection Against Diverse Attackscited by 0
- 2026Latent Trajectory Discrimination for AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Tokens in Human--LLM Coauthored Textcited by 0
- 2026Efficient Online LLM Watermark Detection via Rao-Blackwellized E-Processescited by 0
- 2026MD-ProTector: Positioning Multiple Data-Driven Prototypes for LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Propaganda Forensics: Recovering the Generation Pipeline of an AI-Driven Influence Campaigncited by 0
- 2026Linear Probing Provides Robust and Efficient Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 0
- 2026How Much Were You Told? Measuring External Information in Peer Reviewscited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Policy-Conditioned AI-Use Detection: An Evidentiary Framework for Academic Publishing29 Sep 2026
- 2026How Much Were You Told? Measuring External Information in Peer Reviews23 Sep 2026
- 2026Linear Probing Provides Robust and Efficient Detection of Machine-Generated Text25 Aug 2026
- 2026Propaganda Forensics: Recovering the Generation Pipeline of an AI-Driven Influence Campaign16 Aug 2026
- 2026MD-ProTector: Positioning Multiple Data-Driven Prototypes for LLM-Generated Text Detection11 Aug 2026
- 2026ARB: A Matched Authorship-Rewriting Benchmark Dataset for AI-Text Detector Evaluation31 Jul 2026
- 2026Efficient Online LLM Watermark Detection via Rao-Blackwellized E-Processes24 Jul 2026
- 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Tokens in Human--LLM Coauthored Text23 Jul 2026
- 2026Latent Trajectory Discrimination for AI-Generated Text Detection16 Jul 2026
- 2026Triospect: A Three-Dimensional Framework for Robust Statistical AI-Generated Text Detection Against Diverse Attacks30 Jun 2026
- 2026SenFlow: Inter-Sentence Flow Modeling for AI-Generated Text Detection in Hybrid Documents17 Jun 2026
- 2026DetectZoo: A Unified Toolkit for AI-Generated Content Detection Across Text, Audio, and Image Modalities2 Jun 2026
38 more
- 2026A Distribution-Free Framework for Rewrite-Based Human-text Detection via Knockoff Filtering29 May 2026
- 2026Measuring, Localizing, and Ablating Alignment Signatures in LLMs28 May 2026
- 2026READER: Reasoning-Enhanced AI-Generated Text Detection24 May 2026
- 2026Steer-to-Detect: Probing Hidden Representations for Detection of LLM-Generated Texts13 May 2026
- 2026Segmenting Human-LLM Co-authored Text via Change Point Detection5 May 2026
- 2026Zero-Shot Detection of LLM-Generated Text via Implicit Reward Model23 Apr 2026
- 2026Spotlights and Blindspots: Evaluating Machine-Generated Text Detection17 Apr 2026
- 2026Beyond the Final Actor: Modeling the Dual Roles of Creator and Editor for Fine-Grained LLM-Generated Text Detection6 Apr 2026
- 2026DependencyAI: Detecting AI Generated Text through Dependency Parsing17 Feb 2026
- 2026Learn-to-Distance: Distance Learning for Detecting LLM-Generated Text29 Jan 2026
- 2026Variation is the Key: A Variation-Based Framework for LLM-Generated Text Detection27 Jan 2026
- 2026SearchLLM: Detecting LLM Paraphrased Text by Measuring the Similarity with Regeneration of the Candidate Source via Search Engine23 Jan 2026
- 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Text with Performance Guarantees10 Jan 2026
- 2025DuoLens: A Framework for Robust Detection of Machine-Generated Multilingual Text and Code21 Oct 2025
- 2025How Sampling Affects the Detectability of Machine-written texts: A Comprehensive Study15 Oct 2025
- 2025Large Language Model Sourcing: A Survey11 Oct 2025
- 2025Human Texts Are Outliers: Detecting LLM-generated Texts via Out-of-distribution Detection7 Oct 2025
- 2025EMMM, Explain Me My Model! Explainable Machine Generated Text Detection in Dialogues26 Aug 2025
- 2025Improving Detection of Watermarked Language Models18 Aug 2025
- 2025Evaluating LLM-Contaminated Crowdsourcing Data Without Ground Truth8 Jun 2025
- 2025Measuring Human Involvement in AI-Generated Text: A Case Study on Academic Writing4 Jun 2025
- 2025CodeMirage: A Multi-Lingual Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated and Paraphrased Source Code from Production-Level LLMs27 May 2025
- 2025Your Language Model Can Secretly Write Like Humans: Contrastive Paraphrase Attacks on LLM-Generated Text Detectors21 May 2025
- 2025Towards Structurally Explainable Machine-Generated Text Detection: A Graph-Perspective Framework18 May 2025
- 2025SKDU at De-Factify 4.0: Natural Language Features for AI-Generated Text-Detection28 Mar 2025
- 2025SPADE: Structured Prompting Augmentation for Dialogue Enhancement in Machine-Generated Text Detection19 Mar 2025
- 2025IPAD: Inverse Prompt for AI Detection - A Robust and Interpretable LLM-Generated Text Detector21 Feb 2025
- 2025Survey on AI-Generated Media Detection: From Non-MLLM to MLLM7 Feb 2025
- 2024DART: An AIGT Detector using AMR of Rephrased Text16 Dec 2024
- 2024SEFD: Semantic-Enhanced Framework for Detecting LLM-Generated Text17 Nov 2024
- 2024Online Detection of LLM-Generated Texts via Sequential Hypothesis Testing by Betting29 Oct 2024
- 2024RAFT: Realistic Attacks to Fool Text Detectors4 Oct 2024
- 2024MOSAIC: Multiple Observers Spotting AI Content11 Sep 2024
- 2024Learning to Rewrite: Generalized LLM-Generated Text Detection8 Aug 2024
- 2024Counter Turing Test (CT2): Investigating AI-Generated Text Detection for Hindi -- Ranking LLMs based on Hindi AI Detectability Index (ADIhi)22 Jul 2024
- 2024Survey on Plagiarism Detection in Large Language Models: The Impact of ChatGPT and Gemini on Academic Integrity4 Jun 2024
- 2024Stumbling Blocks: Stress Testing the Robustness of Machine-Generated Text Detectors Under Attacks18 Feb 2024
- 2024ToBlend: Token-Level Blending With an Ensemble of LLMs to Attack AI-Generated Text Detection17 Feb 2024
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026READER: Reasoning-Enhanced AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 0
- 2026READER: Reasoning-Enhanced AI-Generated Text Detection24 May 2026
- 2024Stumbling Blocks: Stress Testing the Robustness of Machine-Generated Text Detectors Under Attackscited by 25
- 2024Learning to Rewrite: Generalized LLM-Generated Text Detectioncited by 13
- 2025Survey on AI-Generated Media Detection: From Non-MLLM to MLLMcited by 12
- 2024Does DetectGPT Fully Utilize Perturbation? Bridging Selective Perturbation to Fine-tuned Contrastive Learning Detector would be Bettercited by 11
- 2024Online Detection of LLM-Generated Texts via Sequential Hypothesis Testing by Bettingcited by 11
- 2025Your Language Model Can Secretly Write Like Humans: Contrastive Paraphrase Attacks on LLM-Generated Text Detectorscited by 10
- 2024RAFT: Realistic Attacks to Fool Text Detectorscited by 8
- 2025Human Texts Are Outliers: Detecting LLM-generated Texts via Out-of-distribution Detectioncited by 8
- 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Text with Performance Guaranteescited by 8
- 2026Learn-to-Distance: Distance Learning for Detecting LLM-Generated Textcited by 8
- 2024ToBlend: Token-Level Blending With an Ensemble of LLMs to Attack AI-Generated Text Detectioncited by 6
- 2025CodeMirage: A Multi-Lingual Benchmark for Detecting AI-Generated and Paraphrased Source Code from Production-Level LLMscited by 6
12 most cited of 46 All 46 (JSON)
- 2026Policy-Conditioned AI-Use Detection: An Evidentiary Framework for Academic Publishing29 Sep 2026
- 2026How Much Were You Told? Measuring External Information in Peer Reviews23 Sep 2026
- 2026Linear Probing Provides Robust and Efficient Detection of Machine-Generated Text25 Aug 2026
- 2026Propaganda Forensics: Recovering the Generation Pipeline of an AI-Driven Influence Campaign16 Aug 2026
- 2026MD-ProTector: Positioning Multiple Data-Driven Prototypes for LLM-Generated Text Detection11 Aug 2026
- 2026ARB: A Matched Authorship-Rewriting Benchmark Dataset for AI-Text Detector Evaluation31 Jul 2026
- 2026Detecting LLM-Generated Tokens in Human--LLM Coauthored Text23 Jul 2026
- 2026Latent Trajectory Discrimination for AI-Generated Text Detection16 Jul 2026
- 2026Triospect: A Three-Dimensional Framework for Robust Statistical AI-Generated Text Detection Against Diverse Attacks30 Jun 2026
- 2026SenFlow: Inter-Sentence Flow Modeling for AI-Generated Text Detection in Hybrid Documents17 Jun 2026
- 2026DetectZoo: A Unified Toolkit for AI-Generated Content Detection Across Text, Audio, and Image Modalities2 Jun 2026
- 2026A Distribution-Free Framework for Rewrite-Based Human-text Detection via Knockoff Filtering29 May 2026
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)