Multi-Modal Fusion for End-to-End RGB-T Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose an end-to-end tracking framework for fusing the RGB and TIR modalities in RGB-T tracking. Our baseline tracker is DiMP (Discriminative Model Prediction), which employs a carefully designed target prediction network trained end-to-end using a discriminative loss. We analyze the effectiveness of modality fusion in each of the main components in DiMP, i.e. feature extractor, target estimation network, and classifier. We consider several fusion mechanisms acting at different levels of the framework, including pixel-level, feature-level and response-level. Our tracker is trained in an end-to-end manner, enabling the components to learn how to fuse the information from both modalities. As data to train our model, we generate a large-scale RGB-T dataset by considering an annotated RGB tracking dataset (GOT-10k) and synthesizing paired TIR images using an image-to-image translation approach. We perform extensive experiments on VOT-RGBT2019 dataset and RGBT210 dataset, evaluating each type of modality fusing on each model component. The results show that the proposed fusion mechanisms improve the performance of the single modality counterparts. We obtain our best results when fusing at the feature-level on both the IoU-Net and the model predictor, obtaining an EAO score of 0.391 on VOT-RGBT2019 dataset. With this fusion mechanism we achieve the state-of-the-art performance on RGBT210 dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Aug 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 7; 2023: 14; 2024: 20; 2025: 15; 2026: 3.
63 papers.
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- 2023Visual Prompt Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 141
- 2021LasHeR: A Large-scale High-diversity Benchmark for RGBT Trackingcited by 94
- 2022Visible-Thermal UAV Tracking: A Large-Scale Benchmark and New Baselinecited by 90
- 2021Object Tracking by Jointly Exploiting Frame and Event Domaincited by 83
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 64
- 2024OneTracker: Unifying Visual Object Tracking with Foundation Models and Efficient Tuningcited by 64
- 2022Prompting for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 58
- 2024Exploiting Multimodal Spatial-temporal Patterns for Video Object Trackingcited by 55
- 2023Bi-directional Adapter for Multi-modal Trackingcited by 46
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaptioncited by 45
- 2024SDSTrack: Self-Distillation Symmetric Adapter Learning for Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 43
- 2023Generative-based Fusion Mechanism for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 33
38 more
- 2021MFGNet: Dynamic Modality-Aware Filter Generation for RGB-T Trackingcited by 32
- 2024Temporal Adaptive RGBT Tracking with Modality Promptcited by 30
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
- 2022Exploring Fusion Strategies for Accurate RGBT Visual Object Trackingcited by 26
- 2022Glass Segmentation with RGB-Thermal Image Pairscited by 26
- 2023Unified Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Single- and Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 20
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackerscited by 20
- 2023Modality-missing RGBT Tracking: Invertible Prompt Learning and High-quality Benchmarkscited by 17
- 2024RGBT Tracking via All-layer Multimodal Interactions with Progressive Fusion Mambacited by 17
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Trackingcited by 15
- 2024Cross-modulated Attention Transformer for RGBT Trackingcited by 14
- 2024MambaVT: Spatio-Temporal Contextual Modeling for robust RGB-T Trackingcited by 14
- 2024Transformer RGBT Tracking with Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tokenscited by 11
- 2024Breaking Modality Gap in RGBT Tracking: Coupled Knowledge Distillationcited by 11
- 2025CADTrack: Learning Contextual Aggregation with Deformable Alignment for Robust RGBT Trackingcited by 11
- 2023RGB-T Tracking via Multi-Modal Mutual Prompt Learningcited by 8
- 2023RGB-T Tracking Based on Mixed Attentioncited by 7
- 2023What Happened 3 Seconds Ago? Inferring the Past with Thermal Imagingcited by 7
- 2024AFter: Attention-based Fusion Router for RGBT Trackingcited by 7
- 2021Multi-domain Collaborative Feature Representation for Robust Visual Object Trackingcited by 6
- 2022Temporal Aggregation for Adaptive RGBT Trackingcited by 6
- 2022A Survey for Deep RGBT Trackingcited by 6
- 2023Unified Single-Stage Transformer Network for Efficient RGB-T Trackingcited by 6
- 2023RGBT Tracking via Progressive Fusion Transformer with Dynamically Guided Learningcited by 5
- 2024Make a Strong Teacher with Label Assistance: A Novel Knowledge Distillation Approach for Semantic Segmentationcited by 5
- 2024Transformer-based RGB-T Tracking with Channel and Spatial Feature Fusioncited by 4
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 4
- 2024SSF-Net: Spatial-Spectral Fusion Network with Spectral Angle Awareness for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 3
- 2022Single Object Tracking Research: A Surveycited by 2
- 2023X Modality Assisting RGBT Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2024From Two-Stream to One-Stream: Efficient RGB-T Tracking via Mutual Prompt Learning and Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2025Breaking Shallow Limits: Task-Driven Pixel Fusion for Gap-free RGBT Trackingcited by 2
- 2025Modality-Guided Dynamic Graph Fusion and Temporal Diffusion for Self-Supervised RGB-T Trackingcited by 2
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2025MTNet: Learning modality-aware representation with transformer for RGBT trackingcited by 2
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 2
- 2023DePF: A Novel Fusion Approach based on Decomposition Pooling for Infrared and Visible Imagescited by 1
- 2024Middle Fusion and Multi-Stage, Multi-Form Prompts for Robust RGB-T Trackingcited by 1
50 most cited of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026End-to-End Unmixing with Material Prompts for Hyperspectral Object Tracking20 May 2026
- 2026UBATrack: Spatio-Temporal State Space Model for General Multi-Modal Tracking21 Jan 2026
- 2025DM3T: Harmonizing Modalities via Diffusion for Multi-Object Tracking28 Nov 2025
- 2025CADTrack: Learning Contextual Aggregation with Deformable Alignment for Robust RGBT Tracking22 Nov 2025
- 2025UniSOT: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modality Single Object Tracking3 Nov 2025
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithm29 Sep 2025
- 2025Robust RGB-T Tracking via Learnable Visual Fourier Prompt Fine-tuning and Modality Fusion Prompt Generation24 Sep 2025
- 2025MTNet: Learning modality-aware representation with transformer for RGBT tracking24 Aug 2025
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learning27 Jul 2025
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Tracking8 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Adapting SAM 2 for Visual Object Tracking: 1st Place Solution for MMVPR Challenge Multi-Modal Tracking23 May 2025
- 2025Modality-Guided Dynamic Graph Fusion and Temporal Diffusion for Self-Supervised RGB-T Tracking6 May 2025
- 2025Dynamic-Dark SLAM: RGB-Thermal Cooperative Robot Vision Strategy for Multi-Person Tracking in Both Well-Lit and Low-Light Scenes17 Mar 2025
- 2025Breaking Shallow Limits: Task-Driven Pixel Fusion for Gap-free RGBT Tracking14 Mar 2025
- 2025LightFC-X: Lightweight Convolutional Tracker for RGB-X Tracking25 Feb 2025
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaption18 Jan 2025
- 2024Exploiting Multimodal Spatial-temporal Patterns for Video Object Tracking20 Dec 2024
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarks27 Nov 2024
- 2024Breaking Modality Gap in RGBT Tracking: Coupled Knowledge Distillation15 Oct 2024
- 2024Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning-based Quadrotor UAV Detection and Tracking Methods30 Sep 2024
- 2024RGBT Tracking via All-layer Multimodal Interactions with Progressive Fusion Mamba16 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaVT: Spatio-Temporal Contextual Modeling for robust RGB-T Tracking15 Aug 2024
- 2024Cross-modulated Attention Transformer for RGBT Tracking5 Aug 2024
- 2024Make a Strong Teacher with Label Assistance: A Novel Knowledge Distillation Approach for Semantic Segmentation18 Jul 2024
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackers28 May 2024
- 2024Enhanced Object Tracking by Self-Supervised Auxiliary Depth Estimation Learning23 May 2024
- 2024Transformer-based RGB-T Tracking with Channel and Spatial Feature Fusion6 May 2024
- 2024AFter: Attention-based Fusion Router for RGBT Tracking4 May 2024
- 2024Revisiting RGBT Tracking Benchmarks from the Perspective of Modality Validity: A New Benchmark, Problem, and Solution30 Apr 2024
- 2024Middle Fusion and Multi-Stage, Multi-Form Prompts for Robust RGB-T Tracking27 Mar 2024
- 2024From Two-Stream to One-Stream: Efficient RGB-T Tracking via Mutual Prompt Learning and Knowledge Distillation25 Mar 2024
- 2024SDSTrack: Self-Distillation Symmetric Adapter Learning for Multi-Modal Visual Object Tracking24 Mar 2024
- 2024OneTracker: Unifying Visual Object Tracking with Foundation Models and Efficient Tuning14 Mar 2024
- 2024SSF-Net: Spatial-Spectral Fusion Network with Spectral Angle Awareness for Hyperspectral Object Tracking9 Mar 2024
- 2024Transformer RGBT Tracking with Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tokens3 Jan 2024
- 2024Temporal Adaptive RGBT Tracking with Modality Prompt2 Jan 2024
- 2023X Modality Assisting RGBT Object Tracking27 Dec 2023
- 2023Modality-missing RGBT Tracking: Invertible Prompt Learning and High-quality Benchmarks25 Dec 2023
- 2023Bi-directional Adapter for Multi-modal Tracking17 Dec 2023
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Tracking27 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative-based Fusion Mechanism for Multi-Modal Tracking4 Sep 2023
- 2023RGB-T Tracking via Multi-Modal Mutual Prompt Learning31 Aug 2023
- 2023Unified Single-Stage Transformer Network for Efficient RGB-T Tracking26 Aug 2023
- 2023DePF: A Novel Fusion Approach based on Decomposition Pooling for Infrared and Visible Images27 May 2023
- 2023Unified Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Single- and Multi-Modal Visual Object Tracking27 Apr 2023
- 2023What Happened 3 Seconds Ago? Inferring the Past with Thermal Imaging26 Apr 2023
- 2023RGB-T Tracking Based on Mixed Attention9 Apr 2023
- 2023RGBT Tracking via Progressive Fusion Transformer with Dynamically Guided Learning26 Mar 2023
50 newest of 63 All 63 (JSON)
- 2023Visual Prompt Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 141
- 2021LasHeR: A Large-scale High-diversity Benchmark for RGBT Trackingcited by 94
- 2022Visible-Thermal UAV Tracking: A Large-Scale Benchmark and New Baselinecited by 90
- 2021Object Tracking by Jointly Exploiting Frame and Event Domaincited by 83
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 64
- 2024OneTracker: Unifying Visual Object Tracking with Foundation Models and Efficient Tuningcited by 64
- 2022Prompting for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 58
- 2024Exploiting Multimodal Spatial-temporal Patterns for Video Object Trackingcited by 55
- 2023Bi-directional Adapter for Multi-modal Trackingcited by 46
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaptioncited by 45
- 2024SDSTrack: Self-Distillation Symmetric Adapter Learning for Multi-Modal Visual Object Trackingcited by 43
- 2023Generative-based Fusion Mechanism for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 33
12 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026End-to-End Unmixing with Material Prompts for Hyperspectral Object Tracking20 May 2026
- 2025DM3T: Harmonizing Modalities via Diffusion for Multi-Object Tracking28 Nov 2025
- 2025CADTrack: Learning Contextual Aggregation with Deformable Alignment for Robust RGBT Tracking22 Nov 2025
- 2025UniSOT: A Unified Framework for Multi-Modality Single Object Tracking3 Nov 2025
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithm29 Sep 2025
- 2025Robust RGB-T Tracking via Learnable Visual Fourier Prompt Fine-tuning and Modality Fusion Prompt Generation24 Sep 2025
- 2025MTNet: Learning modality-aware representation with transformer for RGBT tracking24 Aug 2025
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learning27 Jul 2025
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Tracking8 Jul 2025
- 2025Adapting SAM 2 for Visual Object Tracking: 1st Place Solution for MMVPR Challenge Multi-Modal Tracking23 May 2025
12 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)