Modality-missing RGBT Tracking: Invertible Prompt Learning and High-quality Benchmarks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Current RGBT tracking research relies on the complete multi-modal input, but modal information might miss due to some factors such as thermal sensor self-calibration and data transmission error, called modality-missing challenge in this work. To address this challenge, we propose a novel invertible prompt learning approach, which integrates the content-preserving prompts into a well-trained tracking model to adapt to various modality-missing scenarios, for robust RGBT tracking. Given one modality-missing scenario, we propose to utilize the available modality to generate the prompt of the missing modality to adapt to RGBT tracking model. However, the cross-modality gap between available and missing modalities usually causes semantic distortion and information loss in prompt generation. To handle this issue, we design the invertible prompter by incorporating the full reconstruction of the input available modality from the generated prompt. To provide a comprehensive evaluation platform, we construct several high-quality benchmark datasets, in which various modality-missing scenarios are considered to simulate real-world challenges. Extensive experiments on three modality-missing benchmark datasets show that our method achieves significant performance improvements compared with state-of-the-art methods. We have released the code and simulation datasets at: hrefhttps://github.com/Alexadlu/Modality-missing-RGBT-Tracking.githttps://github.com/Alexadlu/Modality-missing-RGBT-Tracking.git.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Dec 2023.
Builds on
31 of 53 references.
References · 31
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
- 2018Glow: Generative Flow with Invertible 1x1 Convolutionscited by 1,539
- 2021P-Tuning v2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Taskscited by 686
- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 328
- 2021SMIL: Multimodal Learning with Severely Missing Modalitycited by 243
- 2022Are Multimodal Transformers Robust to Missing Modality?cited by 183
- 2023Multi-modal Learning with Missing Modality via Shared-Specific Feature Modellingcited by 159
19 more
- 2023Visual Prompt Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 141
- 2018RGB-T Object Tracking:Benchmark and Baselinecited by 121
- 2023Multimodal Prompting with Missing Modalities for Visual Recognitioncited by 121
- 2022Convolutional Bypasses Are Better Vision Transformer Adapterscited by 120
- 2021LasHeR: A Large-scale High-diversity Benchmark for RGBT Trackingcited by 94
- 2022Visible-Thermal UAV Tracking: A Large-Scale Benchmark and New Baselinecited by 90
- 2017Partial Transfer Learning with Selective Adversarial Networkscited by 84
- 2020Deep Partial Multi-View Learningcited by 71
- 2021Knowledge distillation from multi-modal to mono-modal segmentation networkscited by 68
- 2019Multi-Modal Fusion for End-to-End RGB-T Trackingcited by 63
- 2022Prompting for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 58
- 2020Challenge-Aware RGBT Trackingcited by 53
- 2016Semantic Compositional Networks for Visual Captioningcited by 50
- 2023Bi-directional Adapter for Multi-modal Trackingcited by 46
- 2021ACN: Adversarial Co-training Network for Brain Tumor Segmentation with Missing Modalitiescited by 43
- 2019Multi-Adapter RGBT Trackingcited by 38
- 2020Duality-Gated Mutual Condition Network for RGBT Trackingcited by 35
- 2020RGBT Tracking via Multi-Adapter Network with Hierarchical Divergence Losscited by 32
- 2021Cross-Modal Object Tracking: Modality-Aware Representations and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 8; 2026: 9.
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- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Trackingcited by 15
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Featurescited by 10
- 2025M4-SAR: A Multi-Resolution, Multi-Polarization, Multi-Scene, Multi-Source Dataset and Benchmark for optical-SAR Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2025ICPL-ReID: Identity-Conditional Prompt Learning for Multi-Spectral Object Re-Identificationcited by 8
- 2025CM3AE: A Unified RGB Frame and Event-Voxel/-Frame Pre-training Frameworkcited by 4
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2026RAGTrack: Language-aware RGBT Tracking with Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 2
- 2025Human Activity Recognition using RGB-Event based Sensors: A Multi-modal Heat Conduction Model and A Benchmark Datasetcited by 1
- 2025Learning Frequency and Memory-Aware Prompts for Multi-Modal Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Sparse-Dense Mixture of Experts Adapter for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 0
- 2026AnyMod-LLVE: Low-Light Video Enhancement with Modality-Agnostic Inferencecited by 0
5 more
- 2026Learning from Reliable Latent Prompts for Visual Recognition with Missing Modalitiescited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026DRGBT-1K: A Large-scale High-quality Benchmark for Dynamic RGBT Trackingcited by 0
- 2026Test-Time Logit Prompting for Source-Free Missing Modality Adaptationcited by 0
- 2026End-to-End Self-Supervised RGB-T Tracking without Modality Misleadingcited by 0
- 2026End-to-End Self-Supervised RGB-T Tracking without Modality Misleading29 Sep 2026
- 2026Test-Time Logit Prompting for Source-Free Missing Modality Adaptation2 Sep 2026
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026DRGBT-1K: A Large-scale High-quality Benchmark for Dynamic RGBT Tracking22 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmark21 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning from Reliable Latent Prompts for Visual Recognition with Missing Modalities29 Jun 2026
- 2026AnyMod-LLVE: Low-Light Video Enhancement with Modality-Agnostic Inference9 Jun 2026
- 2026Sparse-Dense Mixture of Experts Adapter for Multi-Modal Tracking14 Mar 2026
- 2026RAGTrack: Language-aware RGBT Tracking with Retrieval-Augmented Generation4 Mar 2026
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Tracking8 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Frequency and Memory-Aware Prompts for Multi-Modal Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
5 more
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Features26 May 2025
- 2025ICPL-ReID: Identity-Conditional Prompt Learning for Multi-Spectral Object Re-Identification23 May 2025
- 2025M4-SAR: A Multi-Resolution, Multi-Polarization, Multi-Scene, Multi-Source Dataset and Benchmark for optical-SAR Object Detection16 May 2025
- 2025CM3AE: A Unified RGB Frame and Event-Voxel/-Frame Pre-training Framework17 Apr 2025
- 2025Human Activity Recognition using RGB-Event based Sensors: A Multi-modal Heat Conduction Model and A Benchmark Dataset8 Apr 2025
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Trackingcited by 15
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Featurescited by 10
- 2025M4-SAR: A Multi-Resolution, Multi-Polarization, Multi-Scene, Multi-Source Dataset and Benchmark for optical-SAR Object Detectioncited by 8
- 2025ICPL-ReID: Identity-Conditional Prompt Learning for Multi-Spectral Object Re-Identificationcited by 8
- 2025CM3AE: A Unified RGB Frame and Event-Voxel/-Frame Pre-training Frameworkcited by 4
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2025Human Activity Recognition using RGB-Event based Sensors: A Multi-modal Heat Conduction Model and A Benchmark Datasetcited by 1
- 2025Learning Frequency and Memory-Aware Prompts for Multi-Modal Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Trackingcited by 1
- 2026AnyMod-LLVE: Low-Light Video Enhancement with Modality-Agnostic Inferencecited by 0
- 2026Learning from Reliable Latent Prompts for Visual Recognition with Missing Modalitiescited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026End-to-End Self-Supervised RGB-T Tracking without Modality Misleading29 Sep 2026
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026DRGBT-1K: A Large-scale High-quality Benchmark for Dynamic RGBT Tracking22 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmark21 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning from Reliable Latent Prompts for Visual Recognition with Missing Modalities29 Jun 2026
- 2026AnyMod-LLVE: Low-Light Video Enhancement with Modality-Agnostic Inference9 Jun 2026
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025What You Have is What You Track: Adaptive and Robust Multimodal Tracking8 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Frequency and Memory-Aware Prompts for Multi-Modal Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Features26 May 2025
- 2025ICPL-ReID: Identity-Conditional Prompt Learning for Multi-Spectral Object Re-Identification23 May 2025
- 2025M4-SAR: A Multi-Resolution, Multi-Polarization, Multi-Scene, Multi-Source Dataset and Benchmark for optical-SAR Object Detection16 May 2025
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)