mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Make Them Spill the Beans! Coercive Knowledge Extraction from (Production) LLMs

arXiv 2312.04782 ↗First posted 8 Dec 2023cs.CR cs.LGcited by 26

Not on the map. Why?

Cited by 24 in LLM safety and security, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used in various applications, making it crucial to align their ethical standards with human values. However, recent jail-breaking methods demonstrate that this alignment can be undermined using carefully constructed prompts. In our study, we reveal a new threat to LLM alignment when a bad actor has access to the model's output logits, a common feature in both open-source LLMs and many commercial LLM APIs (e.g., certain GPT models). It does not rely on crafting specific prompts. Instead, it exploits the fact that even when an LLM rejects a toxic request, a harmful response often hides deep in the output logits. By forcefully selecting lower-ranked output tokens during the auto-regressive generation process at a few critical output positions, we can compel the model to reveal these hidden responses. We term this process model interrogation. This approach differs from and outperforms jail-breaking methods, achieving 92% effectiveness compared to 62%, and is 10 to 20 times faster. The harmful content uncovered through our method is more relevant, complete, and clear. Additionally, it can complement jail-breaking strategies, with which results in further boosting attack performance. Our findings indicate that interrogation can extract toxic knowledge even from models specifically designed for coding tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 26 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 8 Dec 2023.

Builds on

46 of 55 references.

References · 46

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  4. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  5. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  6. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  7. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
  8. 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,634
  9. 2023Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Modelscited by 2,914
  10. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
  11. 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,205
  12. 2023Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Codecited by 2,105
34 more
  1. 2023Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?cited by 1,565
  2. 2023Jailbreaking Black Box Large Language Models in Twenty Queriescited by 1,326
  3. 2023Fine-tuning Aligned Language Models Compromises Safety, Even When Users Do Not Intend To!cited by 1,106
  4. 2019Machine Unlearningcited by 1,020
  5. 2023BeaverTails: Towards Improved Safety Alignment of LLM via a Human-Preference Datasetcited by 828
  6. 2017ZOO: Zeroth Order Optimization based Black-box Attacks to Deep Neural Networks without Training Substitute Modelscited by 656
  7. 2022Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgementscited by 527
  8. 2023GPTFUZZER: Red Teaming Large Language Models with Auto-Generated Jailbreak Promptscited by 520
  9. 2023Jailbreaking ChatGPT via Prompt Engineering: An Empirical Studycited by 478
  10. 2018Spectral Signatures in Backdoor Attackscited by 457
  11. 2023"Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Modelscited by 457
  12. 2018Detecting Backdoor Attacks on Deep Neural Networks by Activation Clusteringcited by 429
  13. 2023Is ChatGPT a Good NLG Evaluator? A Preliminary Studycited by 420
  14. 2023GPT-4 Is Too Smart To Be Safe: Stealthy Chat with LLMs via Ciphercited by 401
  15. 2017A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarizationcited by 364
  16. 2021Remember What You Want to Forget: Algorithms for Machine Unlearningcited by 360
  17. 2023DeepInception: Hypnotize Large Language Model to Be Jailbreakercited by 337
  18. 2023Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discoverycited by 329
  19. 2023Multi-step Jailbreaking Privacy Attacks on ChatGPTcited by 320
  20. 2023Are aligned neural networks adversarially aligned?cited by 305
  21. 2023Principled Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback from Pairwise or K-wise Comparisonscited by 244
  22. 2021Gradient-based Adversarial Attacks against Text Transformerscited by 233
  23. 2016A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inferencecited by 214
  24. 2023Scalable and Transferable Black-Box Jailbreaks for Language Models via Persona Modulationcited by 202
  25. 2023Do-Not-Answer: A Dataset for Evaluating Safeguards in LLMscited by 176
  26. 2023Defending Against Alignment-Breaking Attacks via Robustly Aligned LLMcited by 173
  27. 2023From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacycited by 137
  28. 2023Open Sesame! Universal Black Box Jailbreaking of Large Language Modelscited by 128
  29. 2021SPECTRE: Defending Against Backdoor Attacks Using Robust Statisticscited by 123
  30. 2019Improving Black-box Adversarial Attacks with a Transfer-based Priorcited by 121
  31. 2023Safety Assessment of Chinese Large Language Modelscited by 82
  32. 2020Sparse-RS: a versatile framework for query-efficient sparse black-box adversarial attackscited by 65
  33. 2023Latent Jailbreak: A Benchmark for Evaluating Text Safety and Output Robustness of Large Language Modelscited by 56
  34. 2023LLM Censorship: A Machine Learning Challenge or a Computer Security Problem?cited by 47

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.

26 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2024Great, Now Write an Article About That: The Crescendo Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreak Attackcited by 364
  2. 2024Jailbreak Attacks and Defenses Against Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 215
  3. 2024Keeping LLMs Aligned After Fine-tuning: The Crucial Role of Prompt Templatescited by 94
  4. 2024RigorLLM: Resilient Guardrails for Large Language Models against Undesired Contentcited by 65
  5. 2024SoK: Membership Inference Attacks on LLMs are Rushing Nowhere (and How to Fix It)cited by 54
  6. 2024Operationalizing a Threat Model for Red-Teaming Large Language Models (LLMs)cited by 44
  7. 2024Immune: Improving Safety Against Jailbreaks in Multi-modal LLMs via Inference-Time Alignmentcited by 42
  8. 2024Alpaca against Vicuna: Using LLMs to Uncover Memorization of LLMscited by 33
  9. 2024JailbreakEval: An Integrated Toolkit for Evaluating Jailbreak Attempts Against Large Language Modelscited by 28
  10. 2024AdvPrefix: An Objective for Nuanced LLM Jailbreakscited by 25
  11. 2024The VLLM Safety Paradox: Dual Ease in Jailbreak Attack and Defensecited by 20
  12. 2024Rapid Optimization for Jailbreaking LLMs via Subconscious Exploitation and Echopraxiacited by 12
14 more
  1. 2025An Embarrassingly Simple Defense Against LLM Abliteration Attackscited by 12
  2. 2025ASTRA: Autonomous Spatial-Temporal Red-teaming for AI Software Assistantscited by 6
  3. 2025NeuRel-Attack: Neuron Relearning for Safety Disalignment in Large Language Modelscited by 5
  4. 2024LIAR: Leveraging Inference Time Alignment (Best-of-N) to Jailbreak LLMs in Secondscited by 3
  5. 2025JULI: Jailbreak Large Language Models by Self-Introspectioncited by 3
  6. 2026Safety Recovery in Reasoning Models Is Only a Few Early Steering Steps Awaycited by 3
  7. 2025SoK: A Comprehensive Security Analysis of Jailbreak Resilience in GPT and DeepSeek Modelscited by 1
  8. 2025Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generationcited by 1
  9. 2025NeuroBreak: Unveil Internal Jailbreak Mechanisms in Large Language Modelscited by 1
  10. 2025SABER: Uncovering Vulnerabilities in Safety Alignment via Cross-Layer Residual Connectioncited by 1
  11. 2026SlotGCG: Exploiting the Positional Vulnerability in LLMs for Jailbreak Attackscited by 1
  12. 2025Innocence in the Crossfire: Roles of Skip Connections in Jailbreaking Visual Language Modelscited by 0
  13. 2025Matching Ranks Over Probability Yields Truly Deep Safety Alignmentcited by 0
  14. 2026A Causal Perspective for Enhancing Jailbreak Attack and Defensecited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025QA-LIGN: Aligning LLMs through Constitutionally Decomposed QA
  2. 2025When Harmless Words Harm: A New Threat to LLM Safety via Conceptual Triggers
  3. 2023Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignment
  4. 2023On the Safety of Open-Sourced Large Language Models: Does Alignment Really Prevent Them From Being Misused?
  5. 2026Emergent Alignment
  6. 2024The Language Barrier: Dissecting Safety Challenges of LLMs in Multilingual Contexts
  7. 2024Jailbreaking Large Language Models Through Alignment Vulnerabilities in Out-of-Distribution Settings
  8. 2026Rendering Data Unlearnable by Exploiting LLM Alignment Mechanisms